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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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For fresh stool,state exam time allowed for-(a) liquid stool
(b) semi formed stool (c) formed stool |
(a)- 30 minutes
(b)-1 hour (c)- 24hours- for cysts only |
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Name 3 fixatives used in preserving/fixing stool samples, Identify the ones that can be used for permanent mounts.
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-5%or 10% formalin-not used for permanent mounts
PVA-can be used on permanent stains,but contains mercury SAF- can be used on permanent but lacks adhesive properties of PVA. |
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Macroscopic exam of stool samples-what to look for
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- color and consistency
-presence of blood, mucus, parasites, foreign bodies |
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What is the purpose of direct wet mount?
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-To detect protozoan trophozoite and flagella motility on FRESH stool sample.
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What are the two types of concentration techniques for o&p exam?
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-Sedimentation
-Floatation |
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What is the purpose of using concentration technique for O&P exam?
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-Removes excess fecal debris and fat and increases detection of small parasites
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What is the most widely used O&P concentration technique?
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-Formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation.
-It can pick up protozoan cysts, helminth eggs & larvae. NOT protozoan trophs and coccidian oocytsts. |
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What are the two floatation techniques?
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-Zinc sulfate floatation-works well for protozoan cysts, helminth eggs and coccidian cysts
-sheather's sugar floatation- primarily to recover coccidian oocysts. |
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List the 4 common stains used for stool samples and their common uses.
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1. Iron hematoxylin- good for intestinal protozoa but not eggs/larvae
2.Wheatley's trichrome-most commonly used: for protozoa the cytoplasm stains blue-gren to purple and the nucleus is red to purple-red.For eggs and larvae-all stain red or purple-red. 3.Modified acid fast-used to identify oocysts 4.methamine silver-detection of pneumocysts and jiroveci |
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What is the main difference on RBC in thick and thin films?
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thin film- RBC are intact
Thick film-RBC are lysed with water. |
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What anticoagulant is used for blood smears to be used in parasite examination
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-EDTA
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Discuss Entamoeba histolytica
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1-pathology-bloody dysentry
2-specimen-stool 3-characteristics-troph-ingest RBC, 10-60 um, small central karyosome, evenly distributed peripheral chromatin, progressive motility. cyst-10-20 um,4nuclei,elongated chromatoid bodies 4-infective stage- cyst 5-vector-none 6-pathogenic?-pathogenic 7-common disease name-intestinal amebiasis |
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-Entamoeba hartmanni
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1-pathology-NA
2-specimen-stool 3-characteristics-troph-similar to E.histolytica except it is 5-12 um and non-progressive motility. has small central karyosome,even peripheral chromatin,Cyst-5-10um, upto 4 nuclei, elongated chromatoid body(blunt). 4-infective stage-cyst 5-vector-none 6-pathogenic?-non-pathogenic 7-common disease name- small race histolytica |
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Entamoeba coli
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1-pathology-NA
2-specimen-stool 3-characteristics-Troph-10-50um, **unevenly distributed peripheral chromatin**,large eccentric karyosome, coarse cytoplasm(due to inclusions like bacteria, yeast and debris).Cyst-10-35 um,8-16 nuclei, sharp pointed chromatoid bodies,large eccentric karyosome 4-infective stage-cyst 5-vector-none 6-pathogenic?-non-pathogenic 7-common disease name-NA |
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Endolimax nana
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1-pathology-NA
2-specimen-stool 3-characteristics:trophs- 6-12 um, no P.chromatin, *large blot-like karyosome, bacteria inclusions, sluggish-non progressive motility Cyst: 5-10um, 4 nuclei, no Pchromatin,large central karyosome,No chromatoid bodies 4-infective stage-cyst 5-vector-none 6-pathogenic?-non-pathogenic 7-common disease name-NA |
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Iodamoeba butschlii
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1-pathology-NA
2-specimen-stool 3-characteristics:Troph-*8-20 um, granular vacoulated cytoplasm,No P.chromatin,large karyosome,bacteria and yeast inclusions. Cyst: 5-20 um, mature has ONLY 1 nuclei,prominent glycogen vacoule 4-infective stage-cyst 5-vector-none 6-pathogenic?-non-pathogenic 7-common disease name-NA |
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Naegleria fowleri
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* free living human pathogenic protozoa* CNS pathogen
1-pathology- contaminated water enters the nasal cavity and causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis 2-specimen-CSF or CNS tissue 3-characteristics- 4-infective stage-trophozoite (in humans) 5-vector-infected water 6-pathogenic?-yes, pathogenic 7-common disease name-NA |
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Acanthamoeba sp.
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*free living protozoa*
-1-pathology-gains access through abrasion on cornea or nasal passage. produces amebic keratitis, and infection of CNS called granulomatous amebic encephalitis 2-specimen-CSF,brain tissue,corneal scrapings 3-characteristics-In humans it exists as troph and cyst.troph-has acathopodia,large karyosome, no P.chromatin 4-infective stage-troph/cyst 5-vector-contaminated object 6-pathogenic?-yes 7-common disease name-NA |
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Giardia lamblia
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1-pathology-causes giardiasis,prolonged infection causes malabsorption syndrome.
2-specimen-stool 3-characteristics-trophs.-2 nuclei on top of sucking disk, 9-20um by5-15um, pear shaped, linear axonemes. Cyst: 8-18um by 7-10um, 1 4 nuclei, axonemes and median bodies present. 4-infective stage- 5-vector 6-pathogenic?-yes 7-common disease name-giardiasis or giardia intestenalis |
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chilomastix mesnili
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1-pathology-NA
2-specimen-stool 3-characteristics-Trophs- 5-24 um by 5-8 um prominent cytostome, 4 flagella, stiff, rotary motility. cyst: 5-10 um by 4-6 um, lemon shaped with anterior hyaline knob, 1 nucleus 4-infective stage-cyst 5-vector-none 6-pathogenic?-non-pathogenic 7-common disease name-none |
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Trichomonas hominis-
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1-pathology-GI tract
2-specimen-NA 3-characteristics-NO cysts,trophs are very small(7-18um by 5-8um), has undulating membrane connected with costa 4-infective stage-troph 5-vector-NA 6-pathogenic?-commensal 7-common disease name-NA |
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dientamoeba fragilis
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1-pathology-
2-specimen- 3-characteristics- trophs- 5-16 um, ameba-like shape,2 nuclei with large prominent karosome,No visible flagella, pseudopods, no cysts. 4-infective stage-troph 5-vector-none 6-pathogenic?-controversial 7-common disease name-NA |
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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1-pathology-causes STD trichomoniasis
2-specimen-urine, vaginal fluid 3-characteristics-trophs- 8-23um by 5-12 um, pear shaped, 1 nucleus, 4-6 flagella, axostyle,undulating membrane extends 1/2 way down the troph,No cyst 4-infective stage-troph 5-vector 6-pathogenic?-yes 7-common disease name-trichomoniasis |
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Trichomonas tenax
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1-pathology-in mouth, especially if one has tartar
2-specimen- 3-characteristics-small, slender troph with undulating membrane that extends nearly the length of the troph. 4-infective stage 5-vector 6-pathogenic?-commensal 7-common disease name- |
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Balantidium coli
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1-pathology-abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, causing balantidiasis
2-specimen- 3-characteristics-30-100 by 30-80um, macronucleus(kidney shaped),cytostome and cytopyge, large ovoid shape 4-infective stage-cyst 5-vector 6-pathogenic?- 7-common disease name- |
