Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
- What is free association? How does it relate to personality theory?
|
- A psychoanalytic method of exploring the unconscious
- Person relaxes and stays whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
|
|
- How did Freud define the unconscious
|
- The mind’s reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
- Comprised of id, ego, and superego |
|
|
- What is the Id/Ego/Superego? Which of the three did Freud say is "submerged" completely in the unconscious?
|
- Id – contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
- Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives - Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. - Superego – part of personality that presents internalized ideals - Provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. - Ego – The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality - Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality - Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desire in ways that realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. |
|
|
- What characterizes each of the five Freudian psychosexual stages? What did Freud say would likely occur if any psychosexual stage was not completely successfully resolved?
|
- Oral stage – birth to 1 yr
- Mouth is associated with pleasure - Weaning a child can lead to fixation, which may lead to later oral activities in adulthood - Anal stage – 1-3 years - Anus is associated with pleasure - Toilet training can lead to later fixation if not handled correctly - Fixation may lead to anal retentive or explosive behavior patterns in adulthood - Phallic stage – 3-5 years - Focus of pleasure shifts to genitals - Oedipus or Elektra complex may occur - Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females. - Latency Stage – 6 years to puberty - Dormant sexual feelings - Genital stage – Puberty and on - Sexuality reemerges and is geared toward other people - Healthy individuals find pleasure in love and work, while fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages. |
|
|
- During which psychosexual stage did Freud say the Oedipus complex is most likely to occur?
|
- Phallic Stage
|
|
|
- What are defense mechanisms?
|
- The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
|
|
|
- What are projective tests? What are the most commonly used projective tests? What are some common criticisms of these tests?
|
- Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner thoughts and dynamics
- Rorschach - Thematic Apperception Test |
|
|
- What is the collective unconscious
|
- Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
|
|
|
- What is the humanistic perspective?
|
- Focused on the ways “healthy” people strive for self-determination and self-realization.
|
|
|
- What is self-actualization?
|
- Abraham Maslow’s concept, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.
|
|
|
- What is unconditional positive regard?
|
- An attitude of total acceptance toward another person
|
|
|
- What is self-concept?
|
- Central feature of personality: All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an effort to answer the question, “who am i?”
|
|
|
- How does the trait perspective approach define personality?
|
- A characteristic pattern of behavior
- A disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-reported inventories |
|
|
- What are personality inventories? What's a well-known example?
|
- A questionnaire (often with true-false, or agree/disagree items), on which perople respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors- Used to assess selected personality traits
- The most widely used personality inventory is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
|
|
- What are the "Big Five" factors of personality?
|
- Openness to experience (independent or conforming)
- Conscientiousness (disciplined or impulsive) - Extraversion (affectionate or reserved) - Agreeableness (helpful or uncooperative) - Neuroticism (emotionally stable or anxious) |
|
|
- What is the social-cognitive perspective of personality?
|
- Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context
|
|
|
- What is reciprocal determinism?
|
- The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
|
|
|
- What are the four criteria for a psychological disorder to be deemed a harmful dysfunction?
|
- Atypical (not enough in itself)
- Disturbing (varies with time and culture) - Maladaptive (harmful and disruptive) - Unjustifiable (sometimes there’s a good reason) |
|
|
- What is the medical model?
|
- Concept that diseases have physical causes
- Can be diagnosed, treated, and in many cases, cured - Assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include medication and talk. |
|
|
- What is the bio-psycho-social perspective?
|
- Suggests that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.
|
|
|
- What is the DSM?
|
- American Psychoiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Widely used system for classifying psychological disorders - Presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision) |
|
|
- Be familiar with each of the following psychological disorders, as discussed in class:
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
- Almost constant worry about many issues
- The worrying seriously interferes with functioning - Symptoms include headaches, stomachaches, muscle tension, and irritability |
|
|
- Panic Disorder
|
- Panic attacks, helpless terror, high physiological arousal
- Very frightening, sufferers live in fear of having them - Agoraphobia often develops as a result, (fear of leaving home) |
|
|
- Phobias (including social
|
- Intense and irrational fear that may focus on:
- Category of objects - Event or situation - Social setting- (Social) Fear of failing or being embarrassed in public - Public speaking - Fear of crowds, strangers - Meeting new people - Eating in public - Considered phobic if these fears interfere with normal behavior - Equally often in males and females |
|
|
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
|
- Obsessions – irrational, disturbing thoughts that intrude into consciousness
- Compulsions – repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessions |
|
|
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
|
- Follows traumatic event or events such as war, rape, or assault
- Symptoms include: nightmares, flashbacks, sleeplessness, easily startled, depression, irritability |
|
|
- The Dissociative disorders: Amnesia,
|
- Where a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity
- Amnesia – known as psychogenic amnesia - Memory loss is the only symptom - Often selective loss surrounding traumatic events (Person still knows identity and most of their past) - Can also be global (loss of identity (without replacement with a new one) |
|
|
- Major depression & Dysthymia
|
- Major depression – prolonged, very severe depression
- Lasts without remission for at least 2 weeks - Dysthymia – less sesvere, but long lasting depression - Last for at least two years |
|
|
- Bipolar Disorder & Cyclothymia
|
- Bipolar disorder – cyclic disorders
- Mood levels swing from severe depression to extreme euphoria (mania) - No regular relationship to time of year - Strong heritable component - Bipolar disorder often treated with lithium - Cyclothymia – a mental state characterized by marked swings of mood between depression and elation, manic-depressive tendency |
|
|
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
|
- Cyclic severe depression and elevated mood
- Unique cluster of symptoms - Intense hunger and gain weight in winter - Sleep more than usual - Depressed more in evening than morning - Not yet an official DSM disorder |
|
|
- Eating Disorders & Body Dysmorphic Disorder
|
- Anorexia Nervosa
- When a normal-weight person constricts they’re eating and becomes significantly (greater than 15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. - Usually an adolescent female - Bulimia Nervosa - Disorder characterized by binge-purge cycles: episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. - Body Dysmorphic Disorder – person cannot stand looking at themselves. |
|
|
- Shizophrenia (pos, neg, meglo)
|
- Loss of touch with reality
- Equally split between genders (age 18-25 for man, 26-45 for women) - Symptoms - Positive: hallucinations, delusions - Negative: absence of normal cognition or affect (poverty of speech, for example) - Disorganized speech (word salad) and behavior - Delusions of persecution (“they’re out to get me”, or paranoia like A Beautiful Mind) - Megalomania (delusions of grandeur, god complex) - Delusions of being controlled (“the CIA is controlling my brain with a radio signal” |
|
|
- Shizophrenia Types (3)
|
- Paranoid type
- Delusions of grandeur - Believes others are jealous, inferior - Delusions of persecution - Others spying on them - Catatonic type - Unresponsive to surroundings, purposeless movement, parrot-like speech - Disorganized type - Delusions and hallucinations with little meaning - Disorganized speech, behavior, and flat affect |
|
|
- What characterizes psychoanalysis? What is transference/counter-transference?
|
- Psychoanalysis is a confiding interaction (sometimes emotionally charged) between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties.
- Transference – in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |
|
|
- What is client-centered therapy?
|
- Developed by Carl Rogers
- Focuses on thoughts and abilities of clients - NOT focused on insights of therapist - Therapist as a sounding board for clients thoughts - Problems caused by denial of own feelings and distrust of one’s own ability to make decisions. |
|
|
- What is active listening?
|
- Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy
|
|
|
- What is behavior therapy?
|
- Concentrates on observable stimuli and responses
- Consider mental events as “covert” responses - Most behaviorist therapists now practice cognitive-behavior therapy - Combination of cognitive and behavioral principles used. |
|
|
- What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies?
|
- Cognitive therapies think people disturb themselves with their own thoughts
- Goals – identify maladaptive ways of thinking and replace them with adaptive ways - Treatment of depression – distorts experiences and maintains negative views of themselves, the world, the world, and the future. Minimize positive and maximize negative experiences. |
|
|
- What is meta-analysis? How is it used to evaluate the efficacy of psychotherapy?
|
- a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
|
|
|
- What is psychopharmacology?
|
- The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
|
|
|
- Antipsychotic drugs
|
- Thorazine dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli, helping to schizophrenia patients.
- Clozapine and other drugs are similar enough to molecules of neurotransmitter dopamine to occupy its receptor sites and block its activity. |
|
|
- Antianxiety drugs
|
- Like alcohol, antianxiety agents, such as Xanax or Valium, depress central nervous system activity.
- Can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli - When heavy users stop taking the drug, they may experience both increased anxiety and insomnia, driving them back to the drug for relief. |
|
|
- Antidepressant drugs
|
- Lift people up from a state of depression. Work by increasing the availability of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine or serotonin, which elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression.
- Prozac is common, described to those with obsessive-compulsive disorder. - Prozac partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses - Prozac and its cousins Zoloft and Paxil are therefore called “selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (SSRIs)” |
|
|
- What is electroconvulsive therapy? With which patients is it used?
|
- Electroconvulsive therapy – a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
|
|
|
- What is psychosurgery? With which patients was it used?
|
- Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. Also know as a lobotomy.
- Used (very rarely) on uncontrollably emotional and violent patients. |
|
|
- What is attribution theory? The fundamental attribution error?
|
- Attribution theory – tendency to give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
- Fundamental attribution error – tendency for observers, when analyzing one another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
|
|
- What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? The door-in the-face?
|
- Food-in-the-door – Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request (like campaign volunteers)
- Door-in-the-face – Tendency for people who have first declined a relatively large request to comply later with smaller requests (like chores or those people who call you for money) |
|
|
- What is cognitive dissonance theory?
|
- People act to reduce discomfort (dissonance) they feel when two of their thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
- When we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. |
|
|
- What is conformity?
|
- Conformity – adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
|
|
|
- What is obedience?
|
- An example would be Milgrams obedience experiment
- The shock one, 66% of the participants would continue shocking on command even when it appeared they were doing harm. |
|
|
- What is the bystander effect?
|
- The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
|
|
|
- What is social facilitation?
|
- Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
- Occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered |
|
|
- What is deindividuation?
|
- Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
- Greater responsiveness to the group experience at the loss of self-consciousness/individuality. |
|
|
- What is group polarization? Groupthink?
|
- Enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group.
- If the group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions. |
|
|
- How do prejudice and stereotype differ?
|
- Prejudice – an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and it’s members
- Stereotype – sometimes accurate, but often over-generalized belief about a group of people |
|
|
What is scapegoat theory?
|
- Scapegoat theory – theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame (such as in the holocaust)
|
|
|
- What is in-group bias?
|
- Tendency to favor one’s own group
|
|
|
- What is the just-world phenomenon?
|
- Tendency of people to believe the world is fair, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (“What goes around comes around”)
|
|
|
- What is the frustration-aggression principle?
|
- Principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which may generate aggression.
|
|
|
- What is the mere exposure effect?
|
- Repeated exposure to novel stimuli eventually increases preference for them; we like what’s familiar
|
|
|
- What is companionate love? Equity? Self-disclosure? Altruism?
|
- Companionate love – deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, develops over time.
- Equity – a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. - Self-disclosure – revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others - Altruism – Unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
|
|
- What does social exchange theory suggest about human interactions? What are superordinate goals?
|
- Social exchange theory – The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
- Superordinate goals – Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |
|
|
- Fugue
|
– known as psychogenic fugue
- If fugue wears off… - Old identity recovers - New identity is totally forgotten |
|
|
- Global amnesia with identity replacement
|
- Leaves home
- Develops new identy - Apparently no recollection of former life - Called a “fugue state” |
|
|
- Identity disorder/multiple personalities – Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
|
- Two or more distinct personalities manifested by the same person at different times
- Very rare and controversial disorder - Has been tried as a criminal defense (didn’t work) - Pattern typically starts prior to age ten (childhood) - Most people with the disorder are women - Most report recalling torture or sexual abuse as children and show symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
|
|
what are normative and informational social influences?
|
- Normative social influence – Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
- Informational social influence – influences resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality |
|
|
- Repression
|
– basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety (arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness)
- Freud said repression underlies all defense mechanisms |
|
|
- Regression
|
an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantive psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
|
|
|
- Reaction Formation
|
the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
- People may express feeling that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
|
|
- Projection
|
People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (example: “Everyone else is stubborn!”)
|
|
|
- Rationalization
|
offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
|
|
|
- Displacement
|
shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
- As when redirection anger towards a safer outlet. |
|
|
How does counter-conditioning work and what are some examples?
|
- Counter-conditioning – a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
- “If we repeatedly pair the enclosed space of the elevator space with a relaxed response, the fear response may be displaced.” |
|
|
What are the 6 defense mechanisms?
|
- Repression
- Regression - Reaction Formation - Projection -- Displacement Rationalization |
