Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the two types of acute leukemia?
|
myeloid and lymphoid
|
|
|
What is the cause of most acute myeloid leukemias (AML)?
|
Most AMLs are associated with acquired genetic alteration that inhibit terminal myeloid differentiation.
|
|
|
Do the relatively undifferentiated blasts of AML replicate faster or slower than normal myeloid progenitors?
|
Slower. But their maturation is blocked and they live longer.
|
|
|
How do the undifferentiated blasts of AML affect the body?
|
They suppresse normal hematopoietic progenitor cells by physical replacement as well as other unknown mechanisms. This results in anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.
|
|
|
In Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) what do 90% of affected patients have in common genetically?
|
Numerical or structural changes in the chromosomes of the leukemic cells.
|
|
|
What are some of the numerical and structural chromosomal changes present in ALL?
|
Hyperploidy (>50 chromosomes), polyploidy and translocations (t12:21), t(9:22)(Philadelphia chromosome) and t(4:11)
|
|
|
What is the result of many of the structural and chromosomal changes present in ALL?
|
Dysregulation of the expression and function of transcription factors required for hematopoietic cell development.....leading to arrested development of lymphoblasts.
|
|
|
How can AML and ALL be differentiated?
|
They are immunophenotypically and genotypically distinct. There are some histological differences as well.
(Not clinical features as these are very similar) |
|
|
What are two categories for lymphomas?
|
Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-hodgkin lymphoma.
|
|
|
Lymphoid neoplasia (leukemia and lymphoma) can be diagnosed clinically?
|
False. It may be suspected clinically but hisological examination of lymph nodes or other affected tissues is required for diagnosis.
|
|
|
How does the spread of Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) differ from that of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
|
HL arises in a single node and spread first to the anatomically contiguous zones. Unlike NHL which occurs in extranodal site and spread in an unpredictable fashion.
|
|
|
What cells are indicative of Hodgkin Lymphoma?
|
Reed Sternberg cells. (Neoplastic giant cells)
|
|
|
Where do most Reed-Sternberg cells originate from?
|
Germinal center or post-germinal center B cell. Which fails to express many of the genes that it should (eg immunoglobulin genes)
|
|
|
What is the main action of Reed-Sternberg cells that causes HL?
|
They release cytokines which attracts reactive cells (lymphocytes, histiocytes and granulocytes)
|
|
|
What is the aetiology of the majority of cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
|
Unknown. Although infectious agents are an important cause in particular subtypes.
|
|
|
What are some subtypes of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
|
Follicular Lymphoma (most common form of NHL)
Lymphocytic lymphomas (closely related to chronic lymphocytic leukemia) Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas Burkitt's lymphoma |
|
|
What is the most common chronic lymphoid leukemia?
|
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL)
|
|
|
What are the pathological features of CLL?
|
-Tumor cells appear as relatively mature B Cells
-weak surface expression of IgM or IgD -cells accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes as a result of a prolonged lifespan with impaired apoptosis |
|
|
What is associated with almost all cases of Chronic myeloid leukaemia?
|
Presence of the philadelphia chromosome. t(9;22)
|
|
|
What is responsible for most of the clinical features of CML?
|
A great increase in total body myeloid cell mass.
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)?
|
A group of clonal stem cell disorders with these characterisitics:
-maturation defects -ineffective hematopoiesis -increased risk of transformation to an acute myelogenous leukemia |
|
|
What occurs in MDS?
|
Bone marrow is partly or wholly replaced by the clonal progeny of a mutant multipotent stem cell, that can differentiate into red cells, granulocytes and platelets but only in an ineffective and disordered fashion.
|
|
|
Do Myelodysplastic bone marrow progenitors undergo apoptosis at an increased rate?
|
Yes. This is the hallmark of ineffective hematopoiesis and suggests that there is an underlying background of stem cell damage or depletion.
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of multiple myeloma (myelomatosis)?
|
-neoplastic proliferation characterized by "
-plasma cell accumulation in the bone marrow -presence of monoclonal protein in the serum and/or urine -related tissue damage |
|
|
What is the myeloma cell like?
|
It is a post-germinal centre plasma cell that has undergone immunoglobulin class switching and somatic hypermutation and secretes the paraprotein that is present in the serum.
|
