Bju Biology Ch 3 Vocab

Front 1

cytology

Back 1

the study of cells

Front 2

Robert Hooke

Back 2

reported observations using simple microscope; named the structures he saw "cells"

Front 3

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 3

first person to observe living organisms under a microscope (1674)

Front 4

Robert Brown

Back 4

described the nucleus as a special structure found in all cells (1833)

Front 5

J. E. Purkinje

Back 5

first used the term protoplasm to refer to the entire contents of cells

Front 6

protoplasm

Back 6

term used to refer to the entire contents of cells

Front 7

Matthias Schleiden

Back 7

stated that all plants are composed of cells (1838)

Front 8

Theodor Schwann

Back 8

stated that all animals are composed of cells (1839)

Front 9

Rudolf Virchow

Back 9

proposed that cells arise only from preexisting cells (1855)

Front 10

cell theory

Back 10

* the cell is the basic unit of all living things
* cells perform all the functions of living things
* cells come from the reproduction of existing cells

Front 11

unicellular organisms

Back 11

organisms composed of only 1 cell

Front 12

multicellular organisms

Back 12

organisms composed of many cells. Includes some algae and fungi, humans, animals, and plants.

Front 13

colonial organisms

Back 13

collection of similar cells living together

Front 14

tissue

Back 14

group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function

Front 15

organs

Back 15

composed of several types of tissues working together to perform a specific function

Front 16

organ system

Back 16

a group of organs that work together to accomplish life functions

Front 17

cell junctions

Back 17

connections between cells

Front 18

tight junction

Back 18

formed by trans-membrane proteins of 1 cell chemically binding to a similar transmembrane protein of the adjacent cell

Front 19

anchoring junctions

Back 19

mechanically attach the cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoskeleton of another

Front 20

gap junction

Back 20

provides a narrow passageway between cells that allows small molecules and ions to move directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the other

Front 21

plasmodesmata

Back 21

tiny passageways that span cell walls between cells and are lined by plasma membrane

Front 22

Eukaryotic cells

Back 22

cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles in the cytoplasm

Front 23

organelle

Back 23

a cytoplasmic structure that performs special functions in the cell

Front 24

prokaryotic cells

Back 24

cells that lack a membrane around the nucleus; contains only non-membrane-bound organelles.

Front 25

plasma membrane

Back 25

cell membrane
serves as the outermost boundary of the cell itself

Front 26

cell wall

Back 26

rigis or nearly rigid structure located on the outside of the plasma membrane

Front 27

capsules

Back 27

*made of cellular solutions
*no structural organization
*occurs in many unicellular or colonial organisms
*also called sheath

Front 28

cytoplasm

Back 28

all of the structures and materials inside the plasma membrane,EXCLUDING the nucelus

Front 29

cytoplasmic matrix

Back 29

also called cytosol
*packed with various solutes and organic molecules
*many important chemical reactions occur here

Front 30

cytoplasmic streaming

Back 30

in some plants cells, moves the organelles containing chlorophyll throughout the cell, positioning for the best available light

Front 31

mitochrondia

Back 31

powerhouse of the cell
bean-shaped
transform chemical energy stored in sugars into usable energy

Front 32

cristae

Back 32

inner folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 33

mitochondrial matrix

Back 33

the fluid ihnside the mitochondria

Front 34

ribosome

Back 34

non-membrane-bound organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Front 35

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 35

"transportation company"
system of interconnected folded membranes inside the cell

Front 36

golgi apparatus

Back 36

"emergency repair crew"
flattened, curved, membrane-covered sacs important in the final processing and packaging of many complex polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids produced by the cell

Front 37

lysosomes

Back 37

"waste disposal plant"
small irregularly shaped membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes

Front 38

cytoskeleton

Back 38

microscopic system of fibers that controls the cell's shape

Front 39

centrosome

Back 39

region located near the nucleus; produces microtubules in the cytoskeleton

Front 40

flagella

Back 40

long tubular extension of the plasma membrane

Front 41

cilia

Back 41

similar to flagella but are shorter and frequently cover the entire cell or an entire section of a cell

Front 42

basal body

Back 42

also known as kinetosomes;
control and coordinate movements of cilia or flagella

Front 43

microtubules

Back 43

hollow, spiral assembly of protein molecules that compose flagella, cilia, spindles, and other cellular structures

Front 44

centriole

Back 44

an organelle composed of microtubules; located near the nucleus

Front 45

intermediate filaments

Back 45

provide strength to the cell; not found in plant cells

Front 46

microfilaments

Back 46

flexible, rodlike assembly of protein molecules found in cells

Front 47

plastids

Back 47

membrane-bound organelle found in plants, algae, and a few other organisms; not found in animals

Front 48

chloroplast

Back 48

an organelle that contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Front 49

thylakoids

Back 49

flat sac in a chloroplast that forms grana

Front 50

grana

Back 50

stacks in thylakoids; membranes contain chlorophyll; photosynthesis begins here

Front 51

vacuoles

Back 51

membrane-bound organelle containing food, water, wastes, or other materials.

Front 52

vesicles

Back 52

membrane-bound organelles

Front 53

turgor pressure

Back 53

cellular fullness caused by water pressure in the central vacuole

Front 54

nucleus

Back 54

control center of the cell;
DNA replication and RNA transcription take place here

Front 55

nuclear envelope

Back 55

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

Front 56

nuclear pores

Back 56

openings in the nuclear envelope that permit the passage of material between the cytoplasm and the nuclear sap

Front 57

chromatin material

Back 57

a complex of DNA and surrounding proteins in the nucleus of the cell

Front 58

nucleolus

Back 58

spherical body in the nucleus; has high concentration of RNA and proteins