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293 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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study of cells
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cytology
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basic structural and functional unit
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cell
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what is every living thing made of?
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cells
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how do cells reproduce?
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they reproduce themselves
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what was cells have in order to survive?
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a given ratio of
surface area:volume |
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why must cells have this ratio of surface area:volume?
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for the exchange of nutrients and wastes going in and out of the cell
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this microscope can increase view to 1000 X
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Light microscope
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this microscope can increase view to 100's of 1000's X
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Electron Microscope
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what are the 2 types of electron microscopes?
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TEM
SEM |
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what does TEM stand for?
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transmission electron microscope
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what does the TEM microscope do?
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flows electrons thru the specimen
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what does SEM stand for?
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scanning electron microscope
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what does the SEM do?
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sends a narrow beam thru the specimen and creates a 3D image
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items viewed are often times?
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-dead
-stained -made stable(fixed in place) |
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how do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
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prokaryotic cells
-lack a membrane-bound nucleus -are smaller -are simple(no organelles with jobs to do) -are found in large #'s everywhere |
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these are the smallest
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bacteria
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what are the 4 basic types of bacteria?
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coccus
bacillus spirillium spirochete |
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how long are bacteria?
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1-6 micrometers (um)
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look at index card with the 4 bacteria drawn
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look at index card with the 4 bacteria drawn
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what do bacteria have around them in layers?
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a "cell envelope"
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this is the innermost membrane of bacteria
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plasma membrane
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what does the plasma membrane do?
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regulates movement of substances going across teh membrane
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what type of bilayer is the plasma membrane?
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a phospholipid bilayer
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this is a pouch that folds into the plasma membrane
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mesosome
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what does the mesosome do?
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increases surface area
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another name for this is "peptoglycan"
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cell wall
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what does the cell wall do?
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supports shape of bacteria and protects the cell
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what is the plant's cell wall made of?
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celloulose
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this is the outermost layer of bacteria
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glycocalyx
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what is teh glycocalyx?
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a gel like coating
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what are the 2 kinds of glycocalyx coatings?
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compact and diffuse
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what is compact like?
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an organized capsule
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what is diffuse like?
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a slime layer
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what does the glycocalyx do?
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-prevents cell from drying out
-resists antibodies -helps bacteria attach to surfaces |
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this is water-like
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cytoplasma
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what does the cytoplasma contain?
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enzymes for chemical reactions (organic molecules)
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this is a chromosome
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nucleoid
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what is found in the chromosome of a nucleoid?
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DNA
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this is what contains the extra DNA in the bacteria
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plasmid
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what is this extra DNA used for?
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it is injected into the bacteria to get inside and try to take over (usd in medicines)
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this is the site of protein synthesis
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ribosome
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what does ribosome contain?
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RNA
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) |
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this is a vacuole
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inclusion body
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what does the inclusion body do?
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stores nutrients in a granual for use
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this type of bacteria is only prokaryotic that undergoes photosynthesis, and gives off oxygen
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cyano bacteria
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what does the "thylakoid" contain?
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chlorophyl
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this provides the locomotion of the cell
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flagellum
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what do the fimbriae do?
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attatches teh bacteria to surfaces
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what are the 2 things that help the bacteria cells to attatch?
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glycocalyx and fimbriae
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what is the sex pilus?
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a hallow tube
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what does the sex pilus do?
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transfers DNA to other cells
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these prokaryotes can survive in extreme conditions such as freezing cold, or very hot
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archaea
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archaea come in many diff shapes
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diff. cell wall
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what are 5 types of EUkaryotes?
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protists
fungi plants animals humans |
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what is the center of command in a eukaryote?
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nucleus
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how many nucleus can a eukaryote have?
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more than one
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what do eukaryotics have that prokaryotics don't?
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membrane bound nucleus
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where is the nucleo plasma found?
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inside the nuclear envelope
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where is the nuclear envelope found?
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nucleus
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what does the nuclear envelope provide?
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pores that transport nutrients
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where can the chromatin be found?
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in the nucleus
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what do the chromatins do?
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make chromosomes
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what is inside of a chromosome?
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DNA
mRNA genes |
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what does the nucleolus produce?
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building blocks of ribosomes
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where does protein synthesis occur?
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in the ribosomes
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not all cells have the same # of ________
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ribosomes
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what are ribosomes attatched to?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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what do the ribosomes contain?
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rRNA
proteins |
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what does the ribosome do?
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recieves code from DNA
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what brings the codes over to the ribosomes?
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the mRNA
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these are a string of ribosomes that are making the same protein
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polyribosome
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these ribosomes are found floating in the plasma
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cytoplasmic ribosomes
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what are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?
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rough er
smooth er |
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what does the rough er look like?
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flattened, squished sacuoles with ribosomes attatched
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what does the rough er do?
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synthesises proteins
modifies proteins |
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what does the rough er provide?
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vesicles that go to other parts of cell to provide nutrient
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what does the smooth er lack?
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ribosomes
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what does the smooth er do?
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synthesises lipids
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what does the smooth er produce?
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-steroid
-sex hormones(has more smooth er than others) |
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this processes,packages and secretes modified cell products
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golgi apparatus
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what does the golgi apparatus look like?
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stacked pancakes
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what does the golgi apparatus contain?
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enzymes
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what do the enzymes inside of the golgi apparatus do?
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modifies proteins and carbs
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what does the golgi apparatus package?
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lysosomes
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what do lysosomes produce?
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hydrolytic enzymes
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what are hydrolytic enzymes?
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very acidic enzymes that break things down and digest them
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what is the lysosome considered to be?
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a "garbage disposal"
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why is the lysosome considered to be a garbage disposal?
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b/c it gets rid of dead cells
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what is the term for programmed cell death?
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"apoptosis"
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this produces hydrogen peroxide
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peroxisome
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where does the peroxisome's enzymes come from?
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the free ribosomes in the cytoplasma
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what does the peroxisome deal with?
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lipid breakdown and synthesis
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where are peroxisomes mainly found?
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in the liver
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what do the peroxisomesproduce in the liver?
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bile salts
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what are vacuoles?
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large storage sacks
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what type of vacuole is found only in a plant?
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the central vacuole
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what percent of volume is the central vacuole?
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90%
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what makes up a central vacuole?
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fluid and metabolites
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what is the job of the central vacuole in the plant?
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to maintain proper pressure
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this is where cellular respiration occurs
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in the mitochondria
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where is ATP made?
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in the mitochondria
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mitochondria is an organelle that has a _____ membrane
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double
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what is in the mitochondria's double membrane?
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carriers to take nutrients in and out
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what is found inside the mitochondria that increases area where metabolism occurs?
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cristae
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the more cristae there are, there is an increase in?
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cellular respiration
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where are there more mitochondria?
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in the liver and skeletal muscle
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what is present more in the skeletal muscle the more you exercise?
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mitochondria
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what makes up the flagella and cillia?
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microtubules
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what does the microtubule look like
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a tube with 9 triplets inside connected to an axel- this gives strength to the structure
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what does the cytockeleton do?
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supports structure and adds structure and shape
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what are chromoplasts?
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red, yellow, and orange pigments in plants that are stimulated by the weather
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what is a thylakoid?
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a plate filled with chlorophyl
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where is the thylakoid found?
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inside the chloroplast
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where does all the action take place inside the plant cell?
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the chloroplast
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what is the stack of chlorophyl containing thylakoid plates called?
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granum
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what is the empty space around the thylakoids inside the chlorplast called?
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stroma
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what permits passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of nucleus
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nuclear pore
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what are chromatins?
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diffuse threads containing DNA and protein
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this is a microtubule organizing center that lacks centrioles
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centrisomes
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this cements the primary cell walls of adjacent plant cells together
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middle lamella
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what is the main job of the chloroplast?
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to carry out photosynthesis, and produce sugars
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these are cylinders of protein molecules present in cytoplasm
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microtubules
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these are protein fibers that play a role of movement of cell and organelles
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actin filaments
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these are protein fibers that provide support and strength
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intermediate filaments
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this is the an intermediate filament found in the skin?
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Keratin
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these are cylinders of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella
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micotubules
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what is the protein called in a microtubule?
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tubulin
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these make structure of cell to cell junctions ( packed tight or loose)
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cilia
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this maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts
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cytockeleton
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this is the outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules
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plasma membrane
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What is a membrane composed of?
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a phosphlipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded
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what makes up a phospholipid?
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a polar head, cholesterol stiffened region,a non polar tail
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where are peripheral proteins found?
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running along the edges of the polar heads
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where are the integral proteins found?
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they are incased right in the phospholipid layer
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what is another name for intregal proteins?
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"trans membrane proteins"
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what is the glycolipid?
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a sugar coat of plasma
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a glycoprotein has diff. _____ and diff #s of _____ than glycolipids
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sequence/ glucose
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what makes up the glycocalyx?
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glycoproteins and glycolipids
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what are teh glycocalyx's functions?
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it protects the cell, and helps adhere to other cells around it
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WHat is the main function of the membrane of the cell?
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it regulates molecules' entrance and exit in and out of teh cell
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everyone has a different ______
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glycocalyx
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what is this difference of glycocalyx referred to as?
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"major histocompatibility complex" MHC - glycocalyx is considered teh "fingerprint of a cell"
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what is the model called that depicts theplasma membrane structure?
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the fluid mosaic model
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what part of the phospholipid is exposed to fluid?
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the head
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what part of the phospholipid is hidden in the midle??
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the tail
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the rate of diffusion is directly affected by what 4 things?
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temperature
pressure electro chemical gradients molecular size |
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in diffusion, what is the number of particles geared by?
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osmosis
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Diffusion moves toward
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lower concentration
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what is a requirement of diffusion?
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a concentration gradient
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what are examples of things diffused?
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lipid-soluble molecules
water gases |
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Facilitated transport moves toward
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a lower concentration
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what are requirements of facilitatesd transport?
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channels or carrier, and concentration gradient
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what are examples of things that cross by facilitated diffusion?
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some sugars, and amino acids
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what 3 transports use ATP in order to move across teh mebrane?
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active transport
exocytosis endocytosis |
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Active transport moves toward
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higher concentration
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what are the requirements of active transport?
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a carrier plus energy(ATP)
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what are examples of things that cross be meand of active transport?
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sugars, amino acids, and ions
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what is exocytosis?
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the movement toward the outside of the cell
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what is required for exocytosis?
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vesicle fused with plasma membrane
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what moves by way of exocytosis?
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macromolecules
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what is endocytosis?
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the movement toward the inside of the cell
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what is required for endocytosis?
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vesicle formation
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what moves by way of endocytosis?
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macromolecules
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this transport is when a carrier protein speeds the rate at which the solute crosses the plasma membrane toward a lower concentration
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facilitated transport
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what hapens to teh carrier protein as it moves the molecule?
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it changes shape
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the proteins are specific to certain molecules
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the proteins are specific to certain molecules
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what is the driving force in facilitated diffusion?
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the concentration gradient
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what is the biggest limit when it comes to facilitated difusion?
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that the # of carrier proteins is related to the # of solute
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what is the purpose of cellulose fibril?
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structur of cell wall
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what do pectins allow for?
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growth of the leaf
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what are teh channels called that are found in the cell wall?
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plasmodesmata
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what does the plasmodesmata do?
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allows water and cell molecules to pass through
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what does photosynthesis turn solar energy into?
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chemical energy( carbs)
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what are 3 examples of things that perform photosynthesis
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plants, algae and cyano bacteria
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this is an organism that can make it's own food
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autotrophs
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this is an organism that must take in food (organic materials) to transform into energy
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heterotrophs
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what is the fury top layer of the leaf called?
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the cuticle
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where does all the action take place in the plant??
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in the mesophyll
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where is the mesophyl located??
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in b/t the upper and lower epidermis
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what does the mesophyl contain?
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chloroplasts and viens that transport water
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what is the purpose of the stoma?
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it is an opening where CO2(carbon dioxide) and O (oxygen) get into the plant
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what can escape form the stoma?
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water
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what is the stRoma and where is it found?
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it is the empty space between the granum of thylakoidsinside the chloroplast
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what is the stRoma filled with?
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enzyme rich fluid
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where does photosynthesis take place?
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in the thylakoid membrane
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what is the main component in photsynthes that is found in the thylakoid?
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chlorophyl
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what are the 2 types of thylakoids?
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independant and overlapping
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what thylakoid nmakes up the majority?
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the overlapping ones
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what do the overlapping thylakoids allow?
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materials to go back and forth b/t them
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what is light measured in?
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nanometers (10^-9)
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what does the calvin cycle produce?
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oxygen
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what does the Light cycle produce?
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energy (that is used for the calvin cycle)
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what are the 3 portions of the calvin cycle?
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CO2 fixation
CO2 reduction regeneration of RuBP |
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what is teh difference between noncyclical and cyclical electron pathways?
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noncyclical produces NADPH and ATP, cyclical only produces ATP
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howmany ATP's are in a NADPH?
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3
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whatis produced in the noncyclical electron pathway that is very imp. for energy?
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hydrogen ions
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where does the Calvin cycle occur?
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in the stRoma
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what does teh Calvin cycle produce?
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carbs
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CO2--->G3P what is G3P??
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glyceraldehyde
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what does the G3P contain?
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3 phosphates
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what endproduct is G3P converted into?
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glucose
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what can glucose be converted into for transport?
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sucrose
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what is a storage of glucose called?
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starch
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study fig 7.9 for test!!!
|
study fig 7.9 for test!!!
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what is cell wall made of?
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celulose
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whta is neede to provide ATP using chemiosmosis?
|
ATP Synthase and hydrogen ions
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how many ATP's are ina FADH?
|
2
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how many ATP's are ina NADPH?
|
3
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do plants have lysosomes?
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NO!
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this contains digestive enzymes that break down worn out cellparts or substances entering the cell at the plasma membrane
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lysosome
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this brings substances into teh cell that are digested when the vesicle fuses with a lysosome
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incoming vesicle
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this shuttles lipids to various locations such as the golgi apparatus
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transport vehicle
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this synthesises lipids
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SMooth ER
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this fuses with teh plasma membrane as secretion occurs
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secretory vesicle
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this modifies lipids and proteins from the ER, sorts them, and packages them in the vesicles
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golgi apparatus
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this synthesises proteins
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Rough ER
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as cell size decreases from 4 cm3 to 1 cm3 what happens to teh surface area to volume ratio?
|
it increases
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cells are visible under a light microscope but---
|
not in detail
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what is used to see organelles in detail and observe viruses and molecules?
|
electron microscope
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this protein allows specific ions/molecules to pass the plasma membrane "free moving"
|
channel protein
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cyctic fibrosis is an inherited disorder caused by
|
faulty chloride channels
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this protein is not as free moving as the channel protein and is selective when it interacts with a molecule
|
carrier protein
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MHC
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major histocompatability complex (glycoprotein)
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each person has different MHC's
|
each person has different MHC's
|
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what protein holds the MHC's or glycoproteins?
|
Cell Recognition protein
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this protein is shaped so that a specific molecule can BIND to it ( but only that one molecule)
|
receptor protein
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this protein catalyzes specific reactions
|
enzymatic proteins
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what is the consistancy of phospholipids?
|
like olive oil
|
|
|
this is when polar heads and proteins shift around keeping cells in the body pliable
|
lateral drift
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what diffuses easily across the plasma membrane?
|
water and non charged molecules/ions (membrane is permeable to these)
|
|
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what things need help getting across the plasma membrane?
|
charged molecules and Macromolecules
|
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describe isotonic solution
|
cell size stays constant
no net movement of water equal number of particles |
|
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describe hypotonic solution
|
water enters cell
lysis occurs(bursting) smaller concentrationof particles |
|
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describe hypertonic solution
|
water leaves the cell
cell shrivels (crenation) |
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what is the driving force?
|
concentration gradient
|
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active transport requires what?
|
ATP
|
|
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the same carrier protein transports what 2?
|
sodium and potassium
|
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for every 3 sodium ions that leave the carrier protein, 2 potassium ions are let in
|
for every 3 sodium ions that leave the carrier protein, 2 potassium ions are let in
|
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what does teh split of ATP allow the carrier protein to do?
|
change shape to transport the ions
|
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endocytosis means what?
|
things going INTO THE CELL
|
|
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what is phagocytosis?
|
"to eat" they eat debris digested by the lysosome
( contains a vacuole-big) |
|
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what is pinocytosis?
|
"to drink" liquid small particles (vesicles)
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what endocytosis is when molecules bind to specific receptor protein in a coated pit and then the lysosome performs digestion
|
receptor-mediated endocytosis
|
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what does exocytosis mean?
|
things SENT OUTSIDE the cell
|
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what are teh 3 steps of exocytosis?
|
1-vesicles form in the cell
2-fuse to membrane 3-large molecules enter and get where they need to be |
|
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this is olny when a signal molecule arrives to allow the vesicle in when needed
|
regulated secretion
|
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these cells are mechanically/adhesively joined, they are joined by intercellular filaments that are STRETCHY
|
anchoring Junction
|
|
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this is one single point of attatchment and very stretchy also, found in skin
|
desmosome
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these are solid barriers of tight proteins that keep toxic substances in the body where they need to stay (stomach acid)
|
tight junctions
|
|
|
this is not too loose or tight, makes up the heart tissue, allows molecules to go in and out 'free cell communication', it has channels
|
gap junctions
|
|
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where is extracellular matrix found?
|
animals
|
|
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what does extracellular matrix do?
|
supports an animals cell, and has affects on it's behavior
|
|
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what are teh 2 structural proteins found in the extracellular matrix of the animal?
|
collagen and elastin
|
|
|
whta do the fibronectins and laminins in the extracellular matrix do?
|
bind to receptors in the plasma membrane and assist cell communication processess-they are adhesive proteins
|
|
|
where are proteins and polysaccharides?
|
ON THE MEMBRANE SURFACE
|
|
|
what are the 2 sugars found in teh extracellular matrix?
|
polysaccharides and proteoglycan
|
|
|
depending on the type of cell what can extracellular matrix be?
|
hard-bone cells
flexible-cartiledge cells |
|
|
what color lights do Chlorophyl a and b absorb best?
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violet-blue-red
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what color light does the Carotenoids(are yellow and orange-fall leaves) absorb best?
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violet-blue-green
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what goes into the light reaction?
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water
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what comes out of the light reaction?
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NADPH
ATP |
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where does the NADPH and ATP go?
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to teh calvin cycle to help reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate for energy
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what goes into the calvin cycle?
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NADPH, ATP, CO2
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what comes out of the calvin cycle?
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ADP+p
NADP carb |
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where does the light reaction occur in?
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thylakoid membrane
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in cellular respiration, what two things are oxidation?
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C6 H12 O6 and CO2
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in cellular reespiration, what 2 things are reduction?
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O2 and H2O
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what does glucose breakdown result in?
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36-38 ATP
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what is the first strp of glucose breakdown?
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glycolysis
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what happens in glycolysis?
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glucose---->pyruvate
(6 carbons)--(2 carbons) |
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what is the second step of glucose breakdown?
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preparatory reaction
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3rd step of glucose breakdown?
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citric acid cycle
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pyruvate enters mitochondria if
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oxygen is available
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glucose =
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high energy molecule
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what percent of glucose is used up by heat?
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60%
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what percent of glucose goes to ATP?
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40 %
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redox coenzymes?
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NADH--> 3 ATP's
FADH--> 2 ATP's |
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where is the electron transport chain located?
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cristae
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where is the location of the pre.reaction and citric acid cycle?
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matrix
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where does glycolysis take place?
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in the cytoplasm outside the mitochondria
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this is the production of ATP with use of electron transport and ATP synthase
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chemiosmosis
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in the energy yield of glucose...
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2 pyruvate---> 2 acetyl CoA
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building up
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anabolic
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tearing down
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catabolic
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how many ATP does fatty acid yield?
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108 ATP!!!
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this is when the body can convert lactic acid to glucose again
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gluconeogenesis
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this is the oxugen you make up after anearobis exercise
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oxygen debt
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this is the process where fatty acid is broken down to Acetyl CoA
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B(beta)-oxidation
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how efficient is fermentation?
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2 % effective
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yeast yields "beverages" without using oxygen
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alcoholic fermentaion
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this ferm is found in animals and humans
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lactic acid ferm.
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what can pyruvate be converted to?
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lactic acid
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what does lactic acid do?
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lowers blood PH level making it more acidic
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