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314 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
takes up space and has mass
|
matter
|
|
what are the 3 forms of matter?
|
solid, liquid, gas
|
|
substance that can't be broken down to different properties
|
element
|
|
everything is composed of_____
|
elements
|
|
what do properties include?
|
density , solubility , (physical or chemical)
|
|
how many natural elements are there?
|
92
|
|
what are the building bloacks of all matter?
|
elements
|
|
what elements make up protein, fats, and nucleic acids?
|
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
|
|
what elements make up 95% of our bodies?
|
1.carbon
2.hydrogen 3.nitrogen 4.oxygen 5.phosphorus + sulphur |
|
what element makes up 60% of our body?
|
oxygen
|
|
the smallest part of an element that displays properties of that element
|
atom
|
|
what is the atomic #?
|
# of protons
|
|
What is the atomic mass?
|
# of protons + neutrons
|
|
Where is the atomic# located on the periodic table?
|
lower right hand corner of the element box
|
|
Where is the atomic mass located on the periodic table?
|
upper left hand corner of the element box
|
|
#of portons = #of _____
|
electrons
|
|
most of mass = ________
|
empty space
|
|
this states that most of the time electrons are where they are supposed to be(except when we look thru microscope-it can trick us)
|
Bohr Model
|
|
atomic mass
-atomic# = ? |
# of neutrons
|
|
constant, resistant to movement
|
mass
|
|
changes based on gravity
|
weight
|
|
how is periodic table arranged?
|
"groups"-verticle columns
"periods"-horizontal rows |
|
What does the "groups" show?
|
-# of electrons in the outer most shell
|
|
which group has a full outer shell?
|
group 8 (all the way to the right)
|
|
what sign do you put when the element gains an electron?
|
- (negative sign)
|
|
have the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons - has same atomic # as original element
|
isotopes
|
|
what is this an example of:
6 C 12, 6 C 13, 6 C 14 |
isotopes( same atomic #)(protons)
|
|
these decay and give off energy
|
radioactive isotopes
|
|
instrument that detects radiation (Becquerel)
|
geiger counter
|
|
images of radiation (curie)
|
imaging
|
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what level is the radioactive isotope that has chemical properties like the stable isotopes?
|
low level (radioactivity)
|
|
what can you do with this low level radioactivity?
|
substitute a small amount for the original element
|
|
what is the small substitute amount called?
|
a "tracer"
|
|
When one uses a "tracer" what is it called?
|
"labeling"
|
|
WHat is an example of use of low level radiation?
|
PETSCAN
|
|
what does PETSCAN stand for?
|
"position emission tomography"
|
|
WHat does the PETSCAN use?
|
labeled glucose
|
|
What are the 4 negative points for high level radiation?
|
-they are carcinogens
-they damage DNA -they are toxic -they cause cancer |
|
what are the positive uses of high level radiation?
|
-used to sterilize medical equipment
-zaps mail to detect anthrax -radiation therapy for cancer patients -injection of radiation(into prostate gland for cancer) |
|
what charges attract?
|
positive and negative charges
|
|
what charges repel?
|
like charges
|
|
what do plants convert sunlight to?
|
chemical energy
|
|
what are 3 diatomic elements?
|
O2, H2, N2
|
|
this contains 2 or more atoms
|
a molecule
|
|
this must have 2 different elements?
|
a compound
|
|
what is present between chemical bonds of diff. elements?
|
energy
|
|
WHat are the 3 types of bonds?
|
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
|
|
this bond is held together by an attraction b/t positive an dnegative charged ions
|
ionic bond
|
|
ions are electrically charged
|
ions are electrically charged
|
|
NaCl<--->Na+Cl- is an example of what?
|
dissociation
|
|
this bond shares electrons, they can share either 1,2,or3 electrons
|
covalent bonds
|
|
name 2 types of covalent bonds
|
polar and non-polar
|
|
this covalent bond is an unequal sharing of electrons
|
polar
|
|
this covalent bond is an equal sharing of electrons
|
non-polar
|
|
attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond
|
electronegativity
|
|
The greater the # of protons the ________ the electronegativity
|
greater
|
|
this bond is the weakest of the 3 types, it is what bonds water, it is between polar molecules "neighborhood bonding"
|
hydrogen bond
|
|
oxygen has the ________ charge
|
negative
|
|
the fact that oxygen is the negative charge is called
|
electronegative
|
|
hydrogen has the ____ charge
|
positive
|
|
the fact that hydrogen has a positive charge is called what?
|
electropositive
|
|
the greater the hydrogen bonds, the ____ the bond is
|
stronger
|
|
what is the function of the hydrogen bond?
|
help maintain proper structure and function
|
|
this is the universal component
|
water
|
|
water is a ___ molecule
|
polar
|
|
water makes up ______% of our bodies
|
70-90%
|
|
frozen water is __ dense than liquid water
|
less
|
|
water has a ___ surface tension
|
high
|
|
what does it mean that water is cohesive?
|
the molecules cling to each other, they are excelent transport mediums(inblood)
|
|
what does it mean to say that water is adhesive?
|
the molecules cling to polar surfaces
|
|
what does hydrophylic mean?
|
"loves water" dissociates easily in mixtures
|
|
what does hydrophobic mean?
|
"hates water", example is oil and water(don't mix)
|
|
what does it meean to say that water has a high heat of vaporization?
|
it takes 540 calories per gram to take hot water and change to gas
|
|
water has a high heat capacity
|
water has a high heat capacity
|
|
the heat required to increase 1 gram of h2o by 1 degrees C
|
calorie
|
|
a kilocalorie, ,amt to increase 1kg (1L) of water
|
CALORIE
|
|
water has the ability to absorb more heat
|
water has the ability to absorb more heat
|
|
water doesn't freeze as quickly as others do
|
water doesn't freeze as quickly as others do
|
|
1 gram from 1 degrees C, takes 80 calories to freeze
|
our body temps change slowly
|
|
The Ph Scale runs from ___to___
|
0-14
|
|
a substance is an acid if it is___to___
|
0-6.99
|
|
a substance is neutral if it is ___
|
7
|
|
a substance is a base if it is ___to___
|
7.01-14
|
|
the higher the concentration of ions, the ____ the # on the scale
|
lower
|
|
this acid is weak and serves as a buffer
|
carbonic acid
|
|
What is arterial blood on the PH Scale?
|
7.4
|
|
during this the H+ are rising, bicarbonate HCO3(base) (changes strong acid to a weak buffer)
|
acidosis
|
|
during this OH + H2 O CO3--> HCO3 + -H2O ( buffers counteract strong acids and bases to maintain phisiological PH
|
alkalosis
|
|
how many electrons does carbon have in teh outer shell?
|
4
|
|
organics are______
|
living things
|
|
in-organics are _______
|
non-living things
|
|
what are the skeletal backbones?
|
carbon chains
|
|
what attatches to carbon chains?
|
functional groups
H H H C-C-C H H H |
|
what group is the one that is involved in chemical reactions?
|
the functional group
|
|
Write out each of the groups 3 times each on paper(figure 3.2) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
|
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
|
|
what determines the type of reaction and dictates polarity of the molecule?
|
functional groups
|
|
molecules that have the same structures are called
|
isomers
|
|
these make up our cells(carbs,lipids,proteins,nucleic acids)
|
macro molecules
|
|
same type sub-units
|
monomers
|
|
largest macro molecules, made of monomers linked together
|
polymers
|
|
a condensation reaction to synthesis a type of macro molecule
|
dehydration
|
|
this is when water is used to break bonds that hold sub-units together
|
hydrolysis
|
|
these speed up chemical reactions by bringing reactants together
|
enzymes
|
|
sometimes, monomers must be__________________________
|
activated before they react!
|
|
what are the 2 main functions of carbohydrates?
|
energy and structure
|
|
what is a carb basic structure?
|
CH2O
|
|
what are the 3 hexoses (6 carbon rings)??
|
glucose, fructose, galactose
|
|
what is glucose?
|
C6 H12 O6
|
|
what reaction holds these rings together?
|
dehydration
|
|
these are simple sugars (b/t 3-7 carbons)
|
monosaccharides
|
|
what is a pentose?
|
a 5 carbon ring
(ribose, and deoxyrbose) |
|
* name 3 isomers
|
glucose, fructose, galactose
|
|
this is energy produced in the cells(glycolysis)
|
cellular respiration
|
|
2 sugars linked togethr
|
disaccharides
|
|
what are the 3 disaccharides?
|
maltose (glu.+glu)
Sucrose (glu.+fru) lactose (glu.+gal) |
|
plants main sugar
|
sucrose
|
|
humans main sugar
|
glucose
|
|
a bunch of sugars linked together
|
polysaccharide
|
|
plants store energy in the form of________
|
starch
|
|
humans store energy in the form of ________
|
glycogen
|
|
ideal blood sugar level is b/t ____ an ____
|
70-100
|
|
what blood sugar level is acceptable?
|
110
|
|
what blood sugar level is pre-diabetic?
|
111
|
|
hormone that regulates blood sugar leval?
|
insulin
|
|
what holds the glycogen stored in our bodies?
|
liver + skeletal muscle
|
|
what reaction breaks down the glycogen?
|
hydrolysis
|
|
what is left over glycogen stored as?
|
fat!
|
|
what is the plants structural molecules?
|
cellulose
|
|
can animals break down cellulose?
|
yes! they have micro-organisms that break it down!
|
|
how do humans use cellulose?
|
as roughage
|
|
this is the structural carbohydrate exo-skeleton of crabs and lobsters
|
chitin
|
|
the micro organism that makes up the cel wall in bacteria
|
peptidoglycon
|
|
these are insoluable in water
|
lipids
|
|
these are made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
|
triglycerides
|
|
how long can a long carbon chain be?
|
16-18 carbons long
|
|
what are the electrons on the outer shells called?
|
valance electrons
|
|
what are the 2 types of fatty acids?
|
saturated and un-saturated
|
|
which fatty acid is solid at room temp?
|
saturated
|
|
saturated fats have a lot of hydrogen
|
unsaturated fats have a little or no hydrogen
|
|
which fatty acid is oil at room temp?
|
un-saturated
|
|
the build up of sat. fats in arteries
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
which fats are found in the cell / plasma membrane
|
phospholipids
|
|
this has a hydrophylic head and a hydrophobic tail
|
phospholipids
|
|
this type of fat is made of cholesterol(4 carbon rings linked together)
|
steroids
|
|
what are the 2 steroid hormones?
|
estrogen and testosterone
|
|
Which is the bad choloesterol?
|
LDL
(low density) |
|
which cholesterol is good to have more of?
|
HDL
(high density) |
|
what are waxes?
|
long chain fatty acids that binds to a long chain alcohol
|
|
waxes are hydrophobic, solid at room temp, and have a high melting point
|
waxes are hydrophobic, solid at room temp, and have a high melting point
|
|
50% of dry weight of cells consist of what?
|
protein
|
|
what are the building blocks of proteins?
|
amino acids
|
|
how many common amino acids are there in the cells?
|
20
|
|
what are the 6 functions of amino acids?
|
support
enzymes transport hormones defense motion |
|
2 forms of protein that support:
|
keratin
collagen |
|
speed up the rates of reactions:
|
enzymes
|
|
this carries to other parts of body, hemoglobin carries oxygen, channel, carriers int eh membranes
|
transport
|
|
these are regulatory "intercellular messangers"
|
hormones
|
|
antibodies are used in
|
defense
|
|
what 2 proteins put teh skeletal muscle into motion?
|
actin
myosin |
|
2 amino acids joined
|
peptide
|
|
more than 2 amino acids joined
|
polypeptide
|
|
what are the 4 levels of structure?
|
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
|
|
what level of structure is the sequence of amino acids?
|
primary
|
|
what level of structure is shaped like a helix or beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds form)
|
secondary
|
|
what level of structure is the final 3d shape of actual protein molecule?
|
tertiary
|
|
what level of structure is bonding between R groups going on?
|
Tertiary
|
|
what are globular proteins?
|
enzymes
|
|
what are protein shape changes called?
|
denaturation
|
|
what level of structure is 2 or more ploypeptides joined together?
|
quarternary
|
|
this helps new protein fold into proper shape
|
chaperone protein
|
|
malfunctioning chaperone =
|
diseases such as cystic fibrosis and alzheimer's
|
|
misfolded proteins causing others to misfold as well (disease is formed)
|
prion
|
|
these are polymers of nucleotides
|
nucleic acids
|
|
this stores info regarding it's own replication + the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make protein
|
DNA
|
|
sugar = deoxyribose
|
sugar = deoxyribose
|
|
p (phosphate)
\ /n-containing base \S | H |
nucleotide
|
|
pyrimidines, purines, are what??
|
nitrogen containing bases
|
|
what are the 3 pyrimidines(single rings)?
|
cytosine
thymine uracil |
|
what are the 2 purines(double rings)??
|
adenine
guanine |
|
this is a single strand polymer of nucleotides
|
RNA
|
|
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
|
RNA has uracil instead of DNA's thyamine
|
|
what are the complimentary base pairs?
|
A-T G-C
adenine quanine thyamine cytosine |
|
what is "adenosine diphosphate"?
|
ATP
|
|
adenosine means what5?
|
that adenine is bonded to ribose
|
|
what happens with the diphosphate?
|
gets rid of the last phosphate and becomes ADP, which becomes more stable and releases energy
|
|
the ability to do work or bring about change
|
energy
|
|
5 points under energy?
|
growth
development(maturation) locomotion metabolism reproduction |
|
what are the 4 type of energy?
|
kinetic, potential, chemical, mechanical
|
|
energy stored in food stuffs
|
chemical
|
|
moving a force through a distance
|
mechanical energy
|
|
energy of motion
|
kinetic
|
|
stored energy
|
potential
|
|
conservation-energy can't be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another
|
1st law of thermodynamics
|
|
what is main source of 1st law?
|
solar energy
|
|
energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of heat
|
2nd law of thermodynamics
|
|
what must there be in order for energy to be changed from one form to another?
|
loss of heat
|
|
disorganization of particles(collisions) is called what
|
entropy
|
|
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
|
metabolism
|
|
what energizes reactions that take place in the cell?
|
ATP
|
|
free energy is
|
available energy
|
|
+G = gain in energy
-G = release of energy |
+G = gain in energy
-G = release of energy |
|
this reaction goes from a higher energy level to a lower one
|
exergonic
|
|
this reaction goes from a lower level of energy to a higher one
|
endergonic
|
|
WHat is very versatile?
|
ATP
|
|
this reaction utilizes ATP, energy from teh ATP goes straightinto another reaction
|
coupling reaction
|
|
this atp energy synthesises macromolecules
|
chemical
|
|
this atp energy pumps molecules across membranes against concentration gradiants
|
transport work
|
|
this atp energy contacts the muscles
|
mechanical
|
|
these speed up the rate of the reactions
|
enzymes
|
|
what is another name for reactants?
|
substrates
|
|
this is the energy required to activate a chemical reaction
|
energy of activation
|
|
this is the portion of the enzyme that will attatch to substrates
|
acive site
|
|
this is when the enzyme undergoes alteration to acheive best fit
|
induced fit model
|
|
most enzymes just complex with their substrates, but what do some also do?
|
participate in the actual reaction!
|
|
what 2 things affect the rate of the reaction?
|
amount of substrate(reactants)
+ temperature |
|
these are trace elements like (Cu)
|
inorganic
|
|
co-enzymes-these particular enzymes are non-protein(they are vitamins)
|
organic
|
|
it slows down the reaction when these things are lacking
|
inorganic trace elements and organic co-enzymes
|
|
oxidized is the ____ of electrons and H+
|
loss
|
|
reduced is the ____ of electrons an H+
|
gain
|
|
solar---> glucose + O2
|
photosynthesis
|
|
where does cellular respiration occur?
|
in the mitochondria
|
|
during cellular respiration what and what are turned into ATP?
|
fat and glucose
|
|
in the photosynthesis reaction, which is being reduced and oxidized?
|
water is being oxidized because it is losing its electrons, and carbon dioxide is being reduced because it is gaining electrons
|
|
this is involved in massive ATP production
|
electron transport chain
|
|
what is left after an ATP production is finished?
|
free energy!!
|
|
what is the term for producing atp from H+ ion gradient pumping back and forth across a membrane
|
chemiosmosis
|
|
an enzyme that facilitates production of ATP in a membrane
|
ATP synthase
|
|
what do chromosomes contain?
|
genes that contain DNA
|
|
what kind of replication is DNA?
|
semi conservative from double helix to 2 single helixs
|
|
steps to DNA replication
|
1-unwinding(unzip)
2-complementary base paring( A+T G+C) 3- joining |
|
what is important to getting A to join T and G to join C?
|
DNA polymerase
|
|
these are bacteria that have quick replication
|
prokaryotics
|
|
this type divides by DNA bubbles spreading and it ends up with a pair of DNA strands
|
Eukaryotic
|
|
WHat 2 species are eukaryotic?
|
humans and animals
|
|
an error in matching up of base pairs
|
genetic mutation
|
|
what are some of the ways damage can be done to the DNA?
|
toxins, nuclear spills, free radicals, tobacco smoke, pollutants, pesticides, uv rays
|
|
what is the segment of the DNA strand that codes/specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
|
gene
|
|
what do genes give the codes to?
|
RNA
|
|
what does RNA do with the codes?
|
it delivers it into the cell
|
|
what happens when the codes are inside of the cell thanks to RNA?
|
"gene expression" occurs
|
|
what is gene expression?
|
"producing a protein"
|
|
what are teh 3 types of RNA?
|
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
|
|
this RNA delivers genetic messages(codes)
|
mRNA (messanger)
|
|
this RNA brings raw material to produce amino acids
|
tRNA (transfer)
|
|
this RNA is part of te ribosome where polypeptides are produced
|
rRNA(ribosomal RNA)
|
|
what are teh 2 steps to "gene expression"?
|
transcription and translation
|
|
this step is short, it occurs in the nucleus, it involves the mRNA
|
transcription
|
|
what are the 3 steps of translation?
|
initiation, elongation, termination
|
|
the step under translation that brings over teh amino acids, codons, and anticodons
|
initiation
|
|
what is the most imp part of the translation
|
connecting
|
|
this is where polypeptide synthesis takes place one aa at a time(aa joins to the polymere)
|
elongation
|
|
where does the base pairng occur b/t?
|
the codon-anticodon
|
|
this is teh final step under translation where it seerates from the ER
|
termination
|
|
during transcription the mRNA is processed_____leaving the nucleus
|
before
|
|
what is the study of: structure?
|
anatomy
|
|
what is the study of: how things work?
|
phisiology
|
|
what is the study of: heredity?
|
genetics
|
|
what is the study of: enviroment?
|
ecology
|
|
what is the study of: plant life?
|
botany
|
|
what is the study of: cells?
|
cytology
|
|
what is the study of: animals
|
zoology
|
|
steps of scientific procedure?
|
obeservation
hypothesis experiment(designing it) dtat collection statistical analysis conclusion |
|
during the experiment what group wpuld receive the placebo pill?
|
control group
|
|
in te experimental group you_____________
|
manipulate the variables
|
|
what type of experiment is it when the subjects are uninformed?
|
blind
|
|
what type of experiment is it when teh subjects as well as teh researcher are uninformed?
|
double-blind
|
|
this is when you compair 2 variables
|
T-test
|
|
what is the term for analysis of variance?
|
ANOVA
|
|
what type of variation would be of no significance?
|
a huge one
|
|
what is used to predict on a bell curve?
|
p > or equal to 0.005 95/100
|
|
this is the step where you make a generalization into inductive reasoning and you take specifics and turn them into general statements
|
conclusion
|
|
this is when you take all the studies to make a theory if it is predicatable
|
theory
|
|
if your theory is highly predicatable you can make it into this
|
a principle
|
|
if there is no doubt at all about your principle then you can make one of these
|
a law
|
|
what variable do you control?
|
independant ones
|
|
what is the variable that we have no control over, and is teh measured outcome
|
dependant
|
|
what is an example of a field study?
|
epidemiological study
|
|
what are the 6 characteristics of living things?
|
1-order
2-acquire nutrients 3-respond to stimulus 4-reproducing 5-adaption 6-natural selection |
|
this is maintaining constant internal enviroment
|
homeostasis
|
|
what 2 systems make internal changes?
|
endocrine and nervous systems
|
|
this is the feedback system that says stop after the effect is under controland back to homeostasis
|
negative feedback system
|
|
this feedback system keeps the effect going more and more
|
positive feedback system
|
|
what type of feedback is the majority?
|
negative feedback
|
|
this is the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies the organisms
|
taxonomy
|
|
at the top of the branch are the most
|
general
|
|
at the bottom of the branch are the most
|
specific
|
|
what is the main criteria in taxonomy?
|
description
|
|
this group have a final say in the classifications "gate keepers"
|
Linnaen Society
|
|
this is the study of evolutionary history of the organisms
|
phylogony
|
|
what is used to record findings in phylogony?
|
a phylogenic tree
|
|
this is the study of diversity and similarities to postulate evolutionary systems
|
systematics
|
|
how does those studying systemastics come to a conclusion?
|
1-fossil records
2-homology(anatomy) 3-molecular data(looking at the proteins,DNA,RNA |
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how many domains are there?
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3
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how many kingdoms are there?
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5
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smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons
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atom
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union of 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements
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molecule
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the structural and functional unit of all living things
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cell
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a group of cells with a common structure and function
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tissue
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composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task
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organ
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composed of several organs working together
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organ systems
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an individual, complex individuals contain an organ system
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organism
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organisms of the same species in a particular area
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population
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interacting populations in a particular area
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community
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a community plus the physical enviroment
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ecosystem
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regions of the earth's crust,waters,and atmosphere inhabited by living things
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biosphere
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hierarchy of the taxa
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D K P C O F G S
Dennis Knows Possibe Causes OF Gas Secretions |
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bases project out to the side of the resulting____________________
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sugar phosphate backbone
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substrate : lipid
enzyme: ? |
lipase
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substrate : urea
enzyme: ? |
urease
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substrate : maltose
enzyme: ? |
maltase
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substrate : ribonucleic acid
enzyme: ? |
ribonulease
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substrate : lactose
enzyme: ? |
lactase
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substrate : sucrose
enzyme: ? |
sucrase
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