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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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international debt
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we need to forgive it to improve the environment/well being of our planet...americans could feed the entire country with the amount that we spend on DOG FOOD
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human resouces/human capital
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peoples physical and mental talents that provide labor, innovation, culture, organization
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manufactured resources/manufactured capital
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machinery, equipment, and facoties made from natural resources with the help of human resources
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pure free market system
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theoretical idea in which buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) interact in markets without any government interference...all parties have full access to the market abd info...
economic decisions are governed by demand, supply and price supply is how much willing to supply nd demand is how much willing to take of that...and meet happy medium....where equilibriu,, the amounts of amt to be bought and sold are equal |
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marginal cost
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the additional cost of producing one more unit of a good service...the seller gets the marginal benefit too
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government intervention in market systems vs. private services
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they intervene to help provide economic stability, national security,public services like education, crime and environmental protection, protect from fraud and trespassing...
private services can guide production of goods, but cannot be relied upon to provide adequate levels of public services like national security and environmental protection |
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ecological economists' assumptions
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resources are limited (there are no substitutes for most sources of natural capital),encourage environmentally beneficial and sustainable forms of development, the harmful environmental and health effects of producing goods and services should be included in market prices (so consumers will have accurate info about the environmental effects of the services they buy)
they see all economies as human subsystems that depend on natural resources and services provided by the sun and earth |
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optimum resource/pollution control
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marginal cost of coal and stuff goes up with each unit taken,....in the past it was easier to extract because it was near the surface but now it is harder to remove...at some times it is profitable to remove, but as exceed OPTIMUM resource use, then no longer profitable because paying more to extract it
for pollution: marginal cost of cleaning risees wih each unit of cleaning done...at some point the marginal cost of pollution control id greaterthan the harmful costs of the pollution itself ALSO gets too expensive for people to want to pay for cleanup and that is the OPTIMUM level |
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cost-benefit analysis
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comparing likely costs and benefits of an environmental action is useful but involves alot of uncertainties:
must determine: who of what is affected by project, the potential outcomes, alternative actions, who benefits and who is harmed? |
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we need indicators that reflect changing levels of environmental quality and human health
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP): measures the annual economic value of all goods and services produced in a country without taking harmful effects into consideration
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI): subtracts from the GDP costs that lead to a lower quality of life or deplete/degrade natural resources GDP is alot higher than GPI |
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economic tools for improving environmental quality
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including external costs in market prices informs consumers about the harmful impact of their purchases the on the earth and human health (full-cost pricing (including external prices in the material bought), tax shift on coal to help breathing and air pollution
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eco-labeling
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certifying and labeling environmentally beneficial goods and resources EXTRACTED BY MORE SUSTAINABLE METHODS can help consumers decide what goods and services to buy
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subsidy shifting
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TAXES on pollution and resource use can move us closer to full-costing pricing (shifting taxes from wages and profits to pollution and waste (green taxes) helps make this feasible).
it improves environmental quality and health, rewards recycling and reuse, provides jobs, stimulate sustainability |
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open-ocean enrichment experiments
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-iron:iron is added to a part of the ocean: biological responses are days to weeks after
should we consider fertilization of the ocean to draw on anthroppogenic CO2?? -we are already changing the earth, so diliberate intervention is ok -mimics natural methods so ok -cheaper and safer than other methods to reduce CO2 BUT: -too big of project and will require millions more space than experimental patch -changing ecosystems recklessly could be disastrous: algal booms, unknown shifts, deep water depletion of O2 Planktos Fndtn. and GreenSea Vntrs. have done it...no international laws regulating them form doing so: the company is doing for carbon credits |
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green economics
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companies can decrease their resource use/etc by shifting from selling goods to selling the services the goods provide
-shift from selling air conditioning to selling the service itself: makes higher profits by having the most energy efficient units |
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the netherlands
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implemented GREEN PLAN as a result of widespread alarm about the environment....want to slash production of 70-90 percent of pollution and acheive the worlds first environmentally sustainable economy
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jobs in environmentally friendly economies
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it will make numerous jobs: marine aceince, climate change research, biofuels, ecotourism management, water conservation, environmental law
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Biosphere2
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people living in environment settled off from the world- species went extinct, bad stuff happened, the ecosystem collapsed...proved that we dont know enough about the earth to manipulate it. some people think that humans should run the earth...but individual worldviews are just that...and they dont prove anything
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environmental worldviews (3), ecofem, deep ecology
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1) planetary management: we never will run out of resources- use the earth like we always have
2)stewardship: maybe we have a responsibility to take care of the earth 3)environmental wisdom: dont waste! otherwise we will fail as species...think about grandchildren- think ethically. we should think about our obligations, consequences of our actions on all life ecofem: its men's fult- if we empower women we will have a more environmentally sustainable environment |
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some encouraging trends in environmental worldviews
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shift towards deep ecology, stewardship, environmental wisdom worldviews
SOME PEOPLE just GIVE UP and think that we are doomed: important to have HOPE |
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living more sustainably (affleunt people, people that are needed)
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increase peoples kowldge, environmentally literate people are needed to build sustainably just societies....people need to learn by experiencing nature directly
affluent people are able to pay to change their lifestyles to be more env. friendly but that is only small percentage of the world and they are the people that have the ABILITY to change |
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ways we can help
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not eat as much meat (the meat production hurts the environment), use water-saving things. try to use different sources of power like solar, reduce consumption
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