Bisc201 Midterm3 Group1

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contamination

Back 1

when a human-produced substance is realeased into an ecosystem

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pollution

Back 2

when contaminants are present in high enough concentrations to cause measurable damage to environmental, economic, or human health

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human effects on marine systems

Back 3

humans are destroying ecological and economic services near the coast!
Coral Reefs: bleaching, sea levels rising, ocean warming,fishing/diving damaging

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some sources of marine pollution

Back 4

runoff from land, shipping and spills, dumping, oil and gas drilling

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eutrophication

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nutrient loading of waters!
both NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS are released by human activity

effects in water: depletion of 02 and toxic algal booms (explained later)

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aquaculture facility

Back 6

place to harvest fish and it takes pressure off of wild fish stocks and feeds people BUT also bad and people are trying to ban them. The hatcheries are very packed with fish, sometimes hormones are used for growth which are prob not good for the environment/eating

SOME even get parasitic cocopods: parasites that the fish get

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sewage treatment plant

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delivers nutrients to the ocean, unles goes through tertiry treatment which is extremely expensive, sometimes even solid waste is deposited into the ocean

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Haber-Bosch Process

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how we make fertilizer: energy/high temps do the job and fossil fuels: we make as much nitrogen fertilizer as the rest of the world put together: we have nearly doubled the natural amount of nitrogen output

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agricultural wastewater runoff

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use fertilizer to make sugarcane grow: this is water that has already gone through the plants and into the ocean...FULL of nutrients...sugar cane production:: destroyed forests to make more sugarcane...destroys tropical rainforests, feritlizer runoff kills the reef

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eutrophication effects on coral reefs

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large amount of nutrients being added to the ocean( SOOO much fertilizer needed for sugarcane)
there are efforts to stop this prob

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The Gulf of Mexico "Dead Zone":: algal booms

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on the coast of Louisiana there is a stretch of coastline that is compactd with O2 because of nutrients washed down from the river, causes algea to boom, they die and decay and use up all of the oxygen

every year is grows in size

also happening in chesapeake bay

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Toxic Chems in ocean

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basically everywhere on the coast there are hgih toxic levels in he fish population, chemical problems of pollution

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solid waste dumping

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if you dont put your trash in a landfill, you put it on a barge and into the ocean- LARGE source of contamination: otherwise there are new methods like landfills but they can overflow and contaminate water

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radioactive waste dunping, one the CA

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well have to deal with it forever, some say that the best place to dunp it is into the ocean because it is the farthest place away fmor humans in the seabed but eventually we will have to deal with it....sometimes they start leaking and can cause harm to organisms around the tanks of chemicals

CA: cannisters are opening! for over 30 years, 50,000 barrels in to the ocean..

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plastic pollution

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plastic dumped from ships is not only bad anyway but harms animals and they get caught in it and die (80 percent is plastic)

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organic chemical pollutants

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less than 1 percent of them have been tested because there are just too many of them to do...so many of them have harmful effects on the environment that we cannot even see yet.

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contaminated river discharge

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a dam can be said to hold things back, but may leak into the ocean and can see from above

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pesticide accumulation in the food chain

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what happens when we use pesticides: eventually gets washed into rivers and incorporated into phytoplankton population, bioamplifies to fish, birds, humans!
there are lots of animals that are getting high amounts of concentrated pesicides: orcas in seattle!

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DDT

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pesticide to kill malaria and mosquitos but it gets stuck in the environment for a long time and kills other animals
ex: makes eagle eggs thin so that they cannot reproduce

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heavy metals input from mining, etc.
minimata disease

metals in fish

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enter the sea through industrial activities and runoff from mining operations,
ex: mercury strip mine: water leaves the mine and eventually finds its way to the ocean FULL of heavy metals..

minimata disease: caused by mercury, people get convulsions and die

metals in fish: biolaccumulated in food chain and ends up in top predators

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sources of oil pollution

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if iol is released at a reasonable level, there are bacteria that can break down the particles...but now when it is in a spill

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degradation of coastal ecosystems

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beaches eroding because of development, coral reefs severely damaged, mangrove forests lost to agriculture, coastal wetlands lost

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solutions to coastal water pollution

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reduce polluants, regulate development, improve oil spill cleanups, recycle used oil, require double hulls for tankers

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point source

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single source: discharge pollutants at specific locations: pipes, ditches, sewer lines...easy to indentify, monitor, and regulate

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non point source

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scattered and diffuse and cannot be traced to any point of discharge: reunoff into land from chemicals, livestock feedlots, parking lots....hard to identify, monitor, and regulate

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major water pollution issues:

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exposure to disease causing agents (pathogens) AND not having enough water for effective decontamination/sanitation

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fecal coliform bacteria

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do a fecal cauliform test, fecl cauliform means from the guts of an animal and disease causing...the colonies lie in the intestines and are thus present in the waste...although they do not cause disease, their presence means that water has been exposed to human/animal waste with disease causing agents

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rivers and pollution (the picture diagram)

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there is a clean zone, and as soon as et to the part of the river that the pollutants are entering, the demand for oxygen shoots up and the amt of oxygen goes down because of the amount of nutrients that are being put into the water and using up the oxygen (degradable, oxygen-demnanding wastes)

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Ganges

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so much is dumped into the water like sewage, trash, and people still go into the water to do religious rituals, bathe for lack of other clean water...also dead people that are not fully cremated due to lack of money are thrown into the water

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cultural eutrophication

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urban areas,mostly nitrate and phosphate containing affluents that cause the damage from runoff, etc. basically ading nutrients to the water in not a natural way that cannot be taken care of by bacteria due to acceleration of human input

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Toxic Arsenic (As)

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contaminates drinking water when a well is drilled into aquifers with arsenic-contaminated soils and rock, long term exposure can cause death from cancer in skin,bladder and lung...industries are fighting to get it higher

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oceans

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CAN degrade pollutants but not in such high levels

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Chesapeake Bay

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pollutants from 6 states contaminate the bay, but cooperative efforts have lowered it. phosphate and nitrate levels have risen significantly causing algal booms and oxygen depletion, commercial harvests of wildlife have fallen sharply, nonpoint are alot of the nitrate sources

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pollution solutions

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us federal law requires 1st and 2nd treatment: not 3rd which cleans the water all the way

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primary sewage treatment

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physical process that uses screens and a grit tank to remove large floating things out of water

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secondary treatment

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biological process where aerobic bacteria remove 90 percent of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen- demanding wastes

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tertiary treatment

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uses biological and chmical processes to removie specific pollutants

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bottled vs. tap

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bottled water causes trash, some tap water is the same thing and healthy to drink, even contains fluoride

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nondegradable wastes

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they are there forever and will never degrade

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slowly degradable wastes

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such as DDT, are there for decades

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pollution plume

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when gases from an underground tank leak into the aquifer and contaminate it....soak into the ground into the basements below houses...can be extremely dangerous with H20 when it gets contaminated because people can drink and become seriously ill

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ideas for gasoline

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ethanol helps it burn easier and cleaner

Front 43

how to prevent and reduce surface water pollution...think about which type of pollution it is

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the key to reducing nonpoint pollution: set water pollution standards---but such laws rarely exist in developing countries...so even though our water is cleaner for you than in other places, still not necesarilly good

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additional sewage uses

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can be used as fertilizer but can harm animals and children because may contain infectious bascteria...preventing toxic chemicals from reaching the plant would eliminate this problem

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artificial wetlands

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can be made to tret sewage, costs less and is pretty and serves more of a purpose