Bisc 260 - Exam 2 (Ch. 5-9)

Front 1

This acellular agent contains both proteins and nucleic acids.

Back 1

Viruses

Front 2

These acellular agents contain only RNA

Back 2

Virusoid, viriods

Front 3

This acellular agent only contains proteins.

Back 3

Prions

Front 4

Viruses are not living. Why not?

Back 4

*They have acellular organization.
*They have DNA or RNA, but not both
*They can't reproduce independently
*They cannot carry out cell division
*They need a host cell

Front 5

This is a complete virus particle with DNA or RNA with a protein coat

Back 5

Virion

Front 6

Bacterial virus

Back 6

Bacteriophage (phage)

Front 7

How are bacteriophages classified?

Back 7

Based on genome, life cycle, morphology and genetic relatedness.

Front 8

Composed of DNA or RNA; part of a virion

Back 8

Nucleocapsid

Front 9

Protein coat

Back 9

Capsid

Front 10

Protein subunits that make up the capsid

Back 10

Protomers

Front 11

The largest animal virus

Back 11

Poxvirus

Front 12

Large bacteriophages have this type of symmetry

Back 12

Binal

Front 13

Flexible membraneous layer around a virus

Back 13

Envelopes

Front 14

This viral envelope protein is the RBC clump.

Back 14

Humaglutinin spike

Front 15

This viral envelope protein releases virions

Back 15

Neuraminidase spike

Front 16

This viral envelope protein stabilizes membranes

Back 16

Matrix protein

Front 17

The steps of virus reproduction are:

Back 17

Attachment, entry, synethesis, self assembly, release

Front 18

In the assembly step:

Back 18

The virus attaches to a receptor/glycoprotein

Front 19

When a host requests a specific tissue, this is called

Back 19

Tropism

Front 20

In the entry step:

Back 20

The entire genome or nucleocapsid enters the host

Front 21

The three methods of infecting a host are:

Back 21

-the envelope fuses with the host membrane, dropping the nucleocapsid inside
-The virus is endocytosed
-The virus injects nucleic acid into the host

Front 22

In the synthesis stage:

Back 22

Viruses synthesize proteins to create more of itself

Front 23

In the assembly stage:

Back 23

The viruses assemble themselves in the nucleus (DNA) or cytoplasm (RNA)

Front 24

In the release phase:

Back 24

Non-enveloped viruses lyse their host. Enveloped viruses bud off of the host

Front 25

A virulent phage infects by:

Back 25

Multiplying immediately, then lysing its host.

Front 26

Temperate phages infect by:

Back 26

Multiplying immediately, then lysing the host, OR remain inside the host without killing it

Front 27

Possible mechanisms by which viruses cause cancer:

Back 27

*Viruses bind to tumor suppressing proteins
*Carry cancer cells into the cell and make it part of the genome
*Altering cell regulation
*Inserting a promoter or enhancer onto a cancer cell

Front 28

Some macroelements required for nutrition in microbes are:

Back 28

C H O N S P K Ca Mg, Fe

Front 29

Some micronutrients are

Back 29

Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu

Front 30

All organisms need these elements, and this source:

Back 30

C, H, O and electrons

Front 31

Using organic molecules as a carbon and energy source

Back 31

Heterotrophs

Front 32

Using carbon dioxide as carbon source. Obtain energy elsewhere.

Back 32

Autotrophs

Front 33

Use light as energy

Back 33

Phototrophs

Front 34

Obtain energy from chemical compounds

Back 34

Chemotrophs

Front 35

Use inorganic substances as an electron source

Back 35

Lithotrophs

Front 36

Obtain electrons from organic substances

Back 36

Organotrophs

Front 37

This growth factor is needed to make proteins

Back 37

Amino Acids

Front 38

These growth factors are needed to make nucleic acids

Back 38

Purines and pyrimidines

Front 39

These growth factors function as enzyme cofactors

Back 39

Vitamins

Front 40

Carrier molecules involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport

Back 40

Permeases

Front 41

Protein hydrolysates made by the partial digestion of proteins

Back 41

Peptones

Front 42

Made of beef of yeast, aqueous

Back 42

Extracts

Front 43

Sulfated polysaccharide used to solidify a liquid media

Back 43

Agar

Front 44

Plays a role in determination of cell shape and movement of chromosomes to opposite cell poles

Back 44

MreB

Front 45

Plays a role in the Z ring formation, septation

Back 45

FtsZ

Front 46

Limits Z ring to the middle of the cell

Back 46

MinCDE

Front 47

The site of septation

Back 47

Z ring

Front 48

This is the phase of growth where the cell is making new components. It varies in length

Back 48

Lag phase

Front 49

This phase is where growth and division is constant and maximal

Back 49

Exponential/log phase

Front 50

This is the phase where the population growth stops, and the number of live cells remains constant bc the growth and death rate are equal, or active cells stop reproducing

Back 50

Stationary phase

Front 51

Why would a cell enter the stationary phase?

Back 51

Starvation, stress

Front 52

What is the cell's starvation response?

Back 52

Endospore formation, shrinking, DNA condensation

Front 53

These cells are needed for long-term survival and increased virulence

Back 53

Persister cells

Front 54

This phase is when apoptosis occurs. The cells are VBNC (dormant) or dead.

Back 54

Death phase

Front 55

What could happen after the death phase?

Back 55

*There are survivors
*Survivors thrive on environmental changes
*Survivors eat dead siblings

Front 56

Ways to count cells directly:

Back 56

Counting chamber, electronic counter, membrane filtering

Front 57

Ways to count live cells:

Back 57

Plating, membrane filtering

Front 58

Viable cells are called:

Back 58

CUF: Colony forming units

Front 59

This machine constantly removes wastes and provides nutrients

Back 59

Chemostat

Front 60

These microbes have a wide range of salt tolerance, but will grow better with less

Back 60

Halotolerant

Front 61

These microbes grow optimally with rather large salt contenet

Back 61

Halophiles

Front 62

These microbes love pH 0-5.5

Back 62

Acidophiles

Front 63

These microbes love pH 5.5 - 7

Back 63

Neutrophiles

Front 64

These microbes love pH 8.5-11.5

Back 64

Alkalophiles

Front 65

These spoil fridge foods

Back 65

Psycotrophs

Front 66

Areas of low nutrient concentration

Back 66

Oligotrophic environment

Front 67

Still, attached to a surface

Back 67

Sessile

Front 68

Free-floating

Back 68

Planktonic

Front 69

The ability of biofilms to send out signals to "sense" each other

Back 69

Quorum sensing

Front 70

Destruction or removal of all viable organisms

Back 70

Sterilization

Front 71

Killing, inhibiting, or removal of only pathogens. Used ONLY on inanimate objects.

Back 71

Disinfectant

Front 72

Reduction of microbes to be deemed "safe"

Back 72

Sanitation

Front 73

Preventing infection on LIVING tissues

Back 73

Antiseptic

Front 74

The chemical means of killing or inhibiting bacteria

Back 74

Chemotherapy

Front 75

The time it takes to kill 90% of the bacteria

Back 75

D-Value (decimal reduction time)

Front 76

These determine how effective a disinfectant is:

Back 76

1. Population size (larger populations take longer to kill)
2. Population composition (Harder to kill groups of different bacteria)
3. Concentration of agent (higher concentrations kill faster)
4. Duration of exposure (longer exposed, more dead)
5. Temperature (hotter = more dead)
6. Local factors (pH, viscosity, concentration of organic matter around it)

Front 77

*destroys viruses, fungi, and bacteria
*does not destroy spores and does not sterilize
*degrades nucleic acids, denatures proteins, and disrupts membranes

Back 77

Moist heat

Front 78

* Must be very hot in autoclave
*effective against all types of microorganisms including spores

Back 78

Steam sterilization

Front 79

*controlled heating at temperatures well below boiling
*used for milk, beer, and other beverages
*process does not sterilize but does kill pathogens *present and slow spoilage by reducing the total load of organisms present

Back 79

Pasteurization

Front 80

*less effective than moist heat sterilization
*higher temperatures and longer exposure times
*oxidizes cell constituents and denatures proteins

Back 80

Dry Heat

Front 81

*reduces microbial population or sterilizes solutions of heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms
*also used to reduce microbial populations in air

Back 81

Filtration

Front 82

*wavelength of 260 is most bactericidal (DNA absorbs)
*causes thymine dimers preventing replication and transcription
*UV limited to surface sterilization because it does not penetrate glass, dirt films, water, and other substances
*has been used for water treatment

Back 82

UV radiation

Front 83

*destroys bacterial endospores; not always effective against viruses
*used for sterilization and pasteurization of antibiotics, hormones, sutures, plastic disposable supplies, and food

Back 83

Ionizing radiation

Front 84

*commonly used as laboratory and hospital disinfectants
*act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes
*tuberculocidal, effective in presence of organic material, and long lasting
*disagreeable odor and can cause skin irritation

Back 84

Phenolics

Front 85

*among the most widely used disinfectants and antiseptics
*two most common are ethanol and isopropanol
*bactericidal, fungicidal, but not sporicidal
inactivate some viruses
*denature proteins and possibly dissolve membrane lipids

Back 85

Alcohols

Front 86

*skin antiseptic
*oxidizes cell constituents and iodinates proteins
*at high concentrations may kill spores
*skin damage, staining, and allergies can be a problem

Back 86

Iodine

Front 87

*oxidizes cell constituents
*important in disinfection of water supplies and swimming pools, used in dairy and food industries, *effective household disinfectant
*destroys vegetative bacteria and fungi, gas is sporicidal
*can react with organic matter to form carcinogenic compounds

Back 87

chlorine

Front 88

safe and easy to use, but inactivated by hard water and soap

Back 88

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Front 89

*highly reactive molecules
*sporicidal and can be used as chemical sterilants
combine with and inactivate nucleic acids and proteins

Back 89

Aldehydes

Front 90

*used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials
*microbicidal and sporicidal
*ethylene oxide sterilization is carried out in equipment resembling an autoclave
*betapropiolactone and vaporized hydrogen peroxide
combine with and inactivate DNA and proteins

Back 90

Gases

Front 91

The total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into two parts

Back 91

Metabolism

Front 92

Anything making or providing energy

Back 92

Catabolism

Front 93

The synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones

Back 93

Anabolism

Front 94

Microbial Cells Must Do Work. Three major types

Back 94

Chemical, mechanical, transport

Front 95

Type of work: Synthesis of complex molecules

Back 95

Chemical work

Front 96

Type of work: take up of nutrients, elimination of wastes, and maintenance of ion balances

Back 96

Transport work

Front 97

Type of work: cell motility and movement of structures within cells (chromosomes)

Back 97

Mechanical work

Front 98

A science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter called a system (e.g., a cell)

Back 98

Thermodynamics

Front 99

First law of thermodynamics

Back 99

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed

Front 100

The amount of disorder in a system

Back 100

Entropy

Front 101

The second law of thermodynamics

Back 101

Entropy increases over time

Front 102

Amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C

Back 102

calorie

Front 103

Units of work capable of being done by a unit of energy

Back 103

Joule

Front 104

Enthalpy (H) = Free Energy (G) + (Entropy*Temperature) (S)(T)

Back 104

Okay

Front 105

if G is negative, reaction is spontaneous (exergonic)
if G is positive, reaction is not spontaneous (endergonic)

Back 105

Okay

Front 106

Heat content

Back 106

Enthalpy

Front 107

1st Hydrolysis of ATP yields:

Back 107

Free energy

Front 108

2nd Hydrolysis of ATP:

Back 108

Donate phosphate groups

Front 109

protein component of an enzyme

Back 109

Apoenzyme

Front 110

nonprotein component of an enzyme

Back 110

Cofactor

Front 111

apoenzyme + cofactor

Back 111

Holoenzyme

Front 112

often act as carriers, transporting substances around the cell

Back 112

Coenzyme

Front 113

RNA molecules also can catalyze reactions

Back 113

Ribozymes