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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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process of fertilization process after fertilization |
gametes are haploid, once fertilization happens, there is a diploid zygote after fertilization, cleavage divisions happen (2, 4, 8, 16, etc) |
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what is a solid mass of cells resulting from cleavage divisions |
morula |
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what is a fluid filled cavity that forms within the embryo what is the embryo then called |
blastocoel blastula (hollow ball of cells) |
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process where specific layers are formed what is the new indentation and cavity being formed -what is the opening of this at this point what is the zygote called |
gastrulation archenteron or primitive gut -opening is the blastopore which becomes the mouth or anus gastrula |
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what are the three germ layers (tissue) in the gastrula |
endoderm mesoderm ectoderm |
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what is the inner most germ layer that forms the archenteron and becomes the digestive tract; inner lining of the gut, lining of the respiratory system; organs such as the pancreas and liver |
endoderm |
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what is the outside germ layer, which becomes the outside layer of the adult and also becomes the nervous system; epidermis and associated structures (nails, hair, horns); brain |
ectoderm |
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what is the middle germ layer that becomes muscle, bone, and the circulatory system; notochord, mesenchyme, cartilage |
mesoderm |
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Sea Stars/Starfish Phylum Class Characteristics |
Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea -found in marine system (none are freshwater/on land) -among the most familiar of the echinoderms -predators -move via tube feet -external fertilization -fertilized eggs become planktonic larva (larval stage is the most mobile) -early stage is free swimming larvae |
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stages of echinoderm development |
fertilized egg-->2 cell stage(blastomeres)-->4 cell stage (vegetal and animal poles)-->8 cell stage blastula(blastocoel, blastopore)-->gastrula-->mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm, archenteron planktonic larvae-->young sea star-->adult sea star |
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early development in amphibians |
still become a morula and blastula like the star, and it goes through gastrulation, but the yolk plugs the blastopore. continues to develop through neurulation stage, organogenesis, a stage where organs are formed; a larval stage (tadpole) and finally metamorphosis to an adult |
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in protostomes, the blastopore becomes the in deuterostomes the blastopore becomes the |
mouth anus |
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Protostomes ex) fate of blastopore early cleavage early cleavage shape formation of mesoderm formation of coelom |
annelids, arthropods, mollusks becomes mouth, then anus determinate (means fate of cells is determined early) spiral ( first cell divisions are diagonal to the long axis of the egg) mass of cells near blastopore schizocoely (mesoderm develops as pockets of tissue near blastopore) |
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Deuterostomes ex) fate of blastopore early cleavage early cleavage shape formation of mesoderm formation of coelom |
echinoderms, chordates, vertebrates becomes the anus, then mouth indeterminate (the fate of the cells is not determined early) radial (early division are either parallel or perpendicular to long axis of egg, so upper cells are directly above cells beneath them) cells pinch off of archenteron enterocoely (mesoderm forms as outer-pockets of the gut which pinch off to become coelom ) |
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what is the neurula in what does the neural ectoderm form |
vertebrates nervous system |
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Amphibian phylum subphylum class |
phylum chordata subphylum vertebrata class amphibia |
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this germ layer gives rise to epidermis glands on skin, some cranial bones, pituitary and adrenal medulla, the nervous system, the mouth b/w cheek and gums, and the anus (skin cells, neurons, pigment cells) |
ectoderm |
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this germ layer gives rise to connective tissues proper, bone, cartilage, blood, endothelium of blood vessels, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities, kidneys, lining of gonads (cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, tubule cell of kidney, red blood cells, smooth muscle) |
mesoderm |
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this germ layer gives rise to lining of airways and digestive system except the mouth and distal part of digestive system (rectum and canal); glands (digestive glands, endocrine glands, adrenal cortex) (lung cell, thyroid cell, pancreatic cell) |
endoderm |
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what are the four main tissue types |
epithelial muscle connective nervous |
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type of tissue where cells form a layer or sheet over external or internal surfaces -typically tightly fitted together with one surface exposed to the lumen and the other attached to the underlying tissues -forms the skin, lines digestive system and respiratory system, as well as excretory and reproductive system -found in wall of tubular glands like sweat glands and salivary glands -for protection and secretion and absorption -ex) frog intestines |
epithelial |
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naming and shapes of epithelial tissue |
simple(single layer of cells), stratified (multiple layers of cells), pseudostratified cuboidal (cubes), squamous (flattened), columnar (columns) |
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type of tissue comprised of elongated, spindle-shaped cells that are contractile -each muscle cell is called a -each fiber cell is made of many contractile units called -made up of many cells or fibers -what are the 3 types of this tissue |
muscle muscle fiber myofibrils smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
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what is this type of tissue -located attached to skeleton -voluntary control -elongated, cylindral, blunt ends (shape of fibers) present striations -many peripheral nuclei per fiber -most rapid speed of contraction -least resistance to fatigue |
skeletal |
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what is this type of tissue -located in the walls of heart -involuntary type of control elongated, cylindrical, fibers that branch and fuse -striations were present -one or two nuclei per fiber -central nuclei -intermediate (Varies) -intermediate |
cardiac |
