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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perifera
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Acoelomates, diploblasts
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Ctenophora
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Acoelomates, diploblasts
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Chordata
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Coelomates, triploblasts, segmented
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Platyhelminthes
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Acoelomates, triploblasts
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Mollusca
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Coelomates, triploblasts
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Nematoda
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Pseudocoelomates, triploblasts
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Animal embryonic developmnet involves a progession from the 2-celled zygote to the
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Blastula stage then finally Gastrula stage
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Blastula stage
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formation: Cleavage
Structure: 1 layer, blastocoel |
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Gastrula stage
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formation: Gas
Structure: 3 layers, blastopore (opening at the bottom) |
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Characteristics of Protostomes
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determinate and spiral, splitting of mesoderm, blastopore develops into mouth
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Characteristics of Deuterostomes
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indeterminate and radial, out-pocketing of archenteron, blastopore develops into anus
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Endoderm
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Digestive lining, respiratory lining
(Linings) |
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Mesoderm
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Smooth muscle, Cardiovascular system
(Muscle type) |
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Ectoderm
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Brain neurons/neural crest, Epidermis
(Skin and neurons in brain) |
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Blastocoel
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Inner cavity of blastula
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Coelom
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Fluid-filled cavity
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Blastopore
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Opening in gastula stage
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Indeterminate
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Cleavage of deuterostomes
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Determinate
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Cleavage of protostomes
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Archenteron
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Primitive gut
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Teratoma
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Tumor with three germ layers
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Pseudocoelom
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Derived from the blastocoel
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Enterocoelous
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Coelom formation in deuterostomes
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Schizocoelous
(Schiz means split) |
Coelom formation in protostomes
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Ctenes
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Rows of cilia used for feeding
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Benthic
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Sessile
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Pelagic
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Free-swimming
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Lophophore
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Ciliated feeding organ
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Trocophore
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Ciliated larval form
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Grade
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Group that shares key biological features
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Clade
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Group whose members all have shared derived characteristics that share a common ancestor
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Hox genes
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Control rate and timing of ___, Responsible for animal complexity
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Mechanisms for Hox gene expression
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Colinearity in Morphology and Colinearity in time
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Colinearity in Morphology
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order of chromosome resembles order on body
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Colinearity in time
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order of genes along chromosome mirrors order expressed in lifetime
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian explosion
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Mesozoic
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Dinosaurs were dominant, emersion of coral reefs
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Cenozoic
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Diversification of modern mammals
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Banana slug
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Gastropoda
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Earthworm
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Oligochaeta
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Deep sea vent worms
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Pogonophora
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Leech
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Hirudinea
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Tapeworm
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Cestoda
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Sea Urchin
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Echinoidea
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Giant squid
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Cephalopoda
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Crab
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Crustacea
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Grasshopper
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Hexapoda
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Planarian
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Turbellaria
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Sea cucumber
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Holothuroidea
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Sea lily
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Crinoidea
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Millipede
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Myriapoda
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Fluke
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Trematoda
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How does a sponge feed
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Collar cells help in filter feeding
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Ctenophores and Cnidarians
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both have radial or bilateral symmetry; both diploblasts
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Ctenophores
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Monomorphic, ctenus colloblast, hermaphroditic reporduction
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Cnidarians
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polyp and medusa, cnidocytes --> nematocysts, reproduce by alteration generations
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Many ctenophore species provide examples of ecologically-important _________.
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Invasive species
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Briefly describe a case where a ctenophore was introduced accidentally
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M. Leidyi came from ballast water
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Briefly describe a case where a ctenophore was introduced intentionally
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Beroe to control anchovy population
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Which is the more conspicuous life stage for jellyfish
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Medusa
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Which is the more conspicuous life stage for a hydra
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Polyp
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Describe two features that are unique to echinoderms
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1. water vascular system used for movement, feeding and gas exchange
2. tube feet |
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Defining features of all chordates
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postanal tail, pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve chord, notochord made of cartilage
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Which class of tunicates feeds using a feeding house?
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Class appendiculaia aka Larvaceans. They have a beating tail that feeds by bringing water in filters bacteria and phytoplankton which they eat
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Describe the ecological importance of tunicates in terms of food pyramids
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They eat small bacteria and phytoplankton. Being that tunicates are larger, they drive efficient trophic transfer
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Describe the ecological importance of tunicates in terms of carbon levels
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Tunicates are low in carbon but consume it so they are carbon pumps by transporting carbon from surface to deep ocean
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Four classes of protosomes (Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Turbellaria (free-living), Cestoda (parasitic), Trematoda (parasitic), Monogea (parasitic)
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Where do tapeworms reside in your body if infected
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Tapeworms have scoux with suckers and hooks that they use to attach themselves onto organ your Intestines
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How would this parasitic class of flatworms differ from a free-living form?
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Tapeworms have reduced body structures and they need features for food absorption and reproduction
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Characteristics of Roundworms
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Pseudocoelomates, complete gut, cuticle, shed by molting
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Characteristics of Flatworms
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Acoelomates, gastrovascular cavity
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Examples of nematodes that are parasitic
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Hook worms, Trichinella worm (get from eating undercooked pork)
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Phylum Annelida 4 examples
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oligochaeta- terrestrial, live in soil
polychaeta- marine hirudinea- parasitic in animal pogohophora- deep sea vents |
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Parapodia
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paired, ridgelike extensions of worm body
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Slime tube
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involved in sperm exchange during reproduction
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Cocoon
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breaks off to form a new worm after fertilization
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Clitellum
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thickened body section that secretes a sac for eggs
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Setae
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chitinous bristles extending from worm body
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Prostomium
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first segment of anterior end of earthworm body
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Epitokes
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reproductive "buds" containing gametes
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Monoecious reproduction
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hermaphroditic
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Diecious
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one of two distinct sexes (gonochoristic)
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How is segmentation thought to have arisen in evolution?
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incomplete budding event gave rise to segmentation
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Defining characteristics of the Pogonophora subphylum
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Pelagic, trophomsome for feeding, plume, 4 major body segments, gonochoristic, red coloration on tips, brain with ventral nerve cord, closed circulatory system
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Defining features of all molluscs
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muscular foot, mantle and visceral mass, soft body with hard shell, radula (feeding method), trocophore larva
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Of the four classes of Phylum Mollusca, which is the most successful?
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Gastropods
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Of the four classes of Phylum Mollusca, which is the most advanced?
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Sephlopods
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Of the four classes of Phylum Mollusca, which are filter feeders?
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Byvalves
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Chelicerae
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specialized mouthpart for feeding in arthropods, used for grasping. Found among horseshoe crabs and arachnids
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Mandible
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specialized mouthpart for feeding in arthropods, used for grasping, biting, and cutting. Found among myrapods, hexapods, and crustaceans
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What are the four support plates found in the bodies of arthropods?
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dorsal tergite, ventral sternite, and 2 lateral pleurites
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How has the phylum Arthropoda become so successful?
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ability to walk on land is due to coordinated movement of apendages, some can swim, some can fly (insects) which helps them escape predators, find food and find new habitats
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Urochordates
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Tunicates
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Cephalochordates
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Lancelets
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Craniates
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origin of head; Hox duplication
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Vertebrates
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Enclosed spinal column
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Gnathostomes
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Jaws, paired-fins. 2 Hox genes
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Osteichthyans
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Bony fish
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Lobe-fins
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muscular pectoral/pelvic fin
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Tetrapods
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4 limbs
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Amniotes
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Amniotic egg
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Mammals
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mammary glands
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Hominoids
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Humans and apes
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Hominins
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Humans
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Transition: No cranium --> Craniate
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Haikouella --> Myllo Kunminga
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Transition: Jawless --> Jaws
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Agnatha (conodonts)
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Transition: Water --> Land
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Tiktaalik ---> Acanthostega ---> Ichthostega
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Allowed vertebrates to sever link with water and live while life on land
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Amniotic eggs
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The water sac of the amniotic egg is called
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Aliantois
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The yolk sac of the amniotic egg provides
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nutrients
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Testudines
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shelled amniotic egg
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Sphenodontia
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example- tuataras
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Crocodilia
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Most closely related to dinosaurs
example- crocodiles |
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Aves
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All birds
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Squamata
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example- lizards
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Neornithes
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Modern birds
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Mammals include
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Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherians
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Monotremes
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Egg-laying, aquatic, milk oozes from skin
example- platypus |
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Marsupials
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Pouched mammals
example- kangaroo |
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Eutherians
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Long pregnancy, embryonic attachment
example-humans |
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Reptiles developed scales made of
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keratin
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Reptiles waterproof skin prevents
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dehydration
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Reptiles have ___ amniotic eggs that require internal fertilization
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Shell amniotic eggs
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Reptiles are ___, meaning they regulate their body temperature using sunlight
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ectoderm
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Characteristics of all birds
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endotherms, wings, honey-combed bones, toothless (contributes to flight), acute vision
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Radiation of mammals occurred during these two events
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Extinction of dinosaurs, fragmentation of continents
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Characteristics of all mammals
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mammary glands, hair, subcutaneous fat, endothermic, large brains, differentiated teeth, embryos develop in uterus
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Compared to other homonids humans have:
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larger brain- allows for complex social behaviors and language; bipedalism; females are smaller than males; Jaw shape gives humans flatter face because extended; extended parental care
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Multiregional Model
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one migration out of Africa; evolved in parallel to each other
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Out of Africa Model
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two migrations; Homo Sapiens replaced Homo Erectus
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Species in which huans move from native locations to new regions
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Introduced species
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Species that cause disruption and harm to the community
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Invasive species
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What makes a successful invader?
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Aggressive and outcompete native species; generalists; R-selected- fast reproducers; hardy- survive long travel; human commensal
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R-selected species
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Fast reproducers, fast maturity, high fecundity (reproduce a lot), small body size
example- rats |
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K-selected species
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Slower maturity, low fecundity- carry a capacity, larger body size
example-humans |
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Example of accidental introduction of species
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Pythons and zebra muscles
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Example of intentional introduction of species
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Kudzu were introduced to cover highways
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Name three ways to control invasive species
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pesticide use, introducing natural enemies (must be specific target), Manage landscape
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Intraspecific interactions
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Interactions between same species for resources
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Interspecific interactions
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Interactions between different species for resources
examples- predation, herbavory, symbiosis, competition |
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Fundamental niche
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is the niche potentially occupied by that species
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Realized niche
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is a portion of the first niche that the species actually occupies
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Cryptic coloration
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camouflage
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Aposematic coloration
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warning color
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Batesian mimicry
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a harmless/palatable specie mimics a harmful/unpalatable one
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Mullerian mimicry
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two or more unpalatable species resemble each other
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