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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylogeny |
Phylogenies are estimates of genealogical (evolutionary) relationships. History of branching/ speciation events |
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Speciation |
Process of species formation |
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Tree Topography |
Specifies ancestry set of common ancestry relationships ( who is more closely related to whom) |
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Internal nodes |
Indicate speciation events |
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Terminal Nodes |
Species or groups of species |
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Internal Branch |
Connect 2 speciation events |
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Terminal Branch |
Subtend tips of tree |
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Cladogram |
Branch lengths are arbitrary, only topological info |
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Phylogram |
Branch lengths reflect amount of character change |
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Chronogram |
Branch lengths reflect temporal info (time tree) |
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Sister Groups/Species |
Descendants of speciation event |
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Sister Groups/Species |
Descendants of speciation event |
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Monophyletic Grouping/ Clades
NATURAL |
Includes all descendant species of common ancestor of a given common ancestor |
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Paraphyletic Grouping
UNNATURAL |
Include some but not all descendants of a given common ancestor |
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Unnatural Grouping |
Specify groups of species that contradict their phylogenetic relationships |
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Unnatural Grouping |
Specify groups of species that contradict their phylogenetic relationships |
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Polyphyletic
UNNATURAL |
Exclude most recent common ancestor of the included species |
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Polytomies |
Uncertainties in estimated phylogeny reflected using these |
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Hard Polytomy |
Gives rise to 3 or more descendent species |
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Soft Polytomy |
Work in progress awaiting resolution |
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Species |
Are assigned compound (binomial) names, consisting of
the genus name and the species name, both italicized.
E.g., Homo sapiens; Drosophila melanogaster |
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Groups of Species |
(more inclusive taxa). The Linnaean classification
system uses single (uninomial) names and are placed in a ranked
hierarchy of increasingly more inclusive groups:
genus (plural: genera), family, order, class, phylum (plural: phyla), kingdom. |
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Hierarchy of Inclusive Groups |
genus (plural: genera), family, order, class, phylum (plural: phyla), kingdom. |
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Homology |
Similarities in a trait among different organisms due to inheritance from common ancestor |
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Homoplasy |
Similarity in organisms evolved individually |
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In Group |
Group of organisms under study |
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Outgroup |
One or more taxa related to ingrown but not a part of it |
