Birmingham

Front 1

1st cause topic sentence (underlying)

black demands for change

Back 1

An underlying cause of the Birmingham Campaign in 1963 was Black demands to overturn Jim Crow laws that had entrenched segregation in the Southern states for nearly a century.

Front 2

1st cause tieback

Back 2

This became an underlying cause for the events a Birmingham, due to Black civil rights activists campaigning to bring attention to their educational, social and economical disparities.

Front 3

2nd cause topic sentence (long term)

racism in Birmingham

Back 3

Another specific long-term cause of the event at Birmingham was the extreme segregation in the city of Birmingham itself, which led to it being chosen at the target for change in the civil rights movement.

Front 4

2nd cause tieback

Back 4

The deep racism and segregation entrenched in Alabama's largest city made it an ideal place to target, and made it one of the specific long term causes for its campaign in 1963.

Front 5

3rd cause topic sentence (short term)

failure of Albany movement

Back 5

The short term cause of the event at Birmingham was the failure of the Albany Movement, which triggered the need for a successful campaign in Birmingham.

Front 6

3rd cause tieback

Back 6

The failure of the Albany Campaign in 1962 became vital to organising a more successful one, and became one of the short term causes of the Birmingham Campaign in 1963.

Front 7

4th cause topic sentence (immediate)

activists changing their tactics.

Back 7

Finally, the immediate cause of the event was the need for civil rights activists to change their tactics in order to achieve the goal of desegregation.

Front 8

4th cause tieback

Back 8

These tactics would prove to bring the desired attention and publicity to the campaign, a vital element in making the campaign a successful one, therefore being an immediate cause.

Front 9

Event topic sentence

Back 9

Project C began on April 3, 1963 and protestors boycotted stores, marched through streets and organised sit-ins across Birmingham.

Front 10

Event tieback

Back 10

This non-violent direct action that King had encouraged had certainly had the desired effect of provoking violence from the opposition and bringing attention to their cause.

Front 11

1st consequence topic sentence (immediate)

desegregation in the city

Back 11

For the Black population in Birmingham, the campaign had very significant consequences, as the city itself was desegregated.

Front 12

1st consequence tieback

Back 12

The city of Birmingham being desegregated was a very positive outcome and consequence of the campaign, as it was the aim of the protests and planning, and brought great attention to what the Blacks were fighting for, impacting the population significantly.

Front 13

2nd consequence topic sentence (negative)

white resistance

Back 13

However, a negative consequence of this event was the increase in White resistance towards desegregation, in what is known as the White backlash.

Front 14

2nd consequence tieback

Back 14

These two events showed show strongly some of the White population felt about desegregation- meaning that the Birmingham Campaign had certainly done its job in attracting attention, but by also putting the Black population in danger, it was a very significant negative consequence of the event.

Front 15

3rd consequence topic sentence (short term)

March on washington, aug 1963

Back 15

In response to the continued violence against Southern Blacks and a lack of change towards desegregation outside the city itself, civil rights leaders organised the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963 to bring about a greater awareness of their cause.

Front 16

3rd consequence tieback

Back 16

This march brought attention and raised awareness of what the Black population was fighting for, and had great impact on them as a group- the Black demands to end segregation was an ongoing protests, and was a very significant consequence of the campaign.

Front 17

4th consequence topic sentence (long term)

Civil Rights Bill

Back 17

The final consequence of the event at Birmingham, which was long term and extremely significant, was the signing of the Civil Rights Bill in 1964, after a controversial battle to push it through Congress.

Front 18

4th consequence tieback

Back 18

Although racism would need more than a law to be removed, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was not the end to racial inequality in the United States, due to the many elements which were not included, it was a small step towards ensuring that Blacks would be able to have the same rights and freedoms as Whites, therefore proving to be a very long-lasting and significant consequence of the Birmingham campaign.