Birds And Mammals

Front 1

skeletal adaptations for flight

Back 1

large keel on sternum for flight muscle attachment
reinforced pectoral girdle to absorb force
rigid thorax with ossified ribs, uncinate processes, and fused vertebrae
fused outer wing elements
lightweight head and bill

Front 2

syrinx

Back 2

muscular organ where most bird songs are produced, at the junction of the tracheae and the two primary bronchi.
Syringeal muscles on the outside and a tympanic membrane on the inside
oscine passerines have intrinsic syringeal muscles, and nonpasserines have only extrinsic syringeal muscles

Front 3

megapode

Back 3

birds that use heat from rotting vegetation to incubate eggs

Front 4

nonmammalian synapsid groups

Back 4

1. noncynodont therapsids
2. pelycosaurs
3. cynodonts

Front 5

pelycosaur

Back 5

nonmammlian synapsids that lived in the late carboniferous to mid-permian with enlarged canines and an arched palate.

Front 6

noncynodont therapsid

Back 6

nonmammlian synapsids that lived from the mid permian to the late triassic. had a high metabolism, heterodontic teeth, more of an upright stance, and lived in herds

Front 7

cynodonts

Back 7

nonmammalian synapsids that lived from the late permian to the late triassic and gave rise to mammals. had heterodontic teeth with precise occlusion, and diphyodontic tooth replacement, a secondary palate, nasal turbinates, and additional jaw muscles
ex) cynognathus

Front 8

cynognathus

Back 8

advanced cynodont

Front 9

morganucodon

Back 9

advanced cynodont with an oil-secreting harderian gland, precise occlusion, and probably produced milk. layed eggs

Front 10

required for lactation

Back 10

precise occlusion, diphyodonty, and a secondary palate

Front 11

delayed explosion model

Back 11

many mammals survived the k-t extinction event and diverged after

Front 12

mammalian characters

Back 12

single lower jaw bone operated by temporalis and masseter muscles
specialized skeletal adaptations
heterodontic teeth with diphyodontic replacement
lactation
epidermal structures and hair

Front 13

mammalian glands

Back 13

sebaceous - produces sebum, which marks scent
apocrine - chemical communication
eccrine - evaporative cooling

Front 14

mammalian lineages

Back 14

multituberculata
monotremata
masupalia (therian)
eutheria (therian)

Front 15

zalambdestes

Back 15

early eutherian. small, nocturnal insectivore with improved auditory acuity, more extensive tooth replacement, and extended gestation

Front 16

early/almost amniotes

Back 16

diadectus and westlothiana

Front 17

archosaur characters

Back 17

muscular gizzard, complex lungs, thecodont teeth, 4-chambered heart, and usually upright stance

Front 18

early parareptiles

Back 18

archelon, procolophonid, and pareiasaur

Front 19

squamata characters

Back 19

kinetic skull
quadrate bones, making the upper jaw mobile

Front 20

snake characters

Back 20

no eyelids or external ears, 1 lung, forked tongue, no post-temporal bars, lower jaw joined by only muscles and skin, and braincase enclosed in bone

Front 21

early triassic archosaurs

Back 21

coelophysis, euparkeria, and herrerasaurus

Front 22

theropods

Back 22

jurassic: coelurosaurs, compsognathus, ceratosaurus, dilophosaurus, allosaurus
cretaceous: t-rex, maniraptor, deinonychus, ornithomimid

Front 23

crocodilians

Back 23

alligators: fresh and broad
crocodiles: salty and narrow
gharials: really narrow

4-chambered heart
ambush predators

Front 24

protoavis texensis

Back 24

eye orbits, pneumatized skull, v-shaped fercula, keeled sternum, strutlike coracoids, and quill membranes

Front 25

cretaceous birds

Back 25

hesperornis and ichthyornis

Front 26

tertiary birds

Back 26

argentavis, diatryma, and phororhacos