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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five major groups of microbes currently exploited in industrial microbiology?
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Microbial cells, enzymes, primary metabolic products, secondary metabolic products.
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What are microbial cells and how are they made?
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Grown as protein source e.g. Quorn £600m in the UK
Involve whole cell biotransformations to catalyze a single reaction. Can occur at low temps, on aqueous media, yield few side effects and are very specific. Growing/non-growing cells, spores and dried cells can be used. |
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How is bacteria used in nuclear waste removal?
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Technetium is a fission product of 235U and has a very long half life so is bioavailable. Resting cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans can be used to precipitate technetium from solution and immobilize it on a hollow-fibre membrane reactor.
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What is the importance of enzymes in food and chemical industries?
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Specificity and efficiency and potency under moderate temperature and pH. Their production is also very rapid, growth materials and conditions cheap and screening procedures simple.
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Give 3 examples of bulk enzymes used today.
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Biological detergents use proteases and lipases.
EG subtilisin (from Bacillus lentus) used in Ariel. Invertase from Saccharomyes cerevisie and Kluyveromyces sp. is used in sweet making. |
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Give 3 examples of recombinant purified enzymes used today.
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type II restriction enzymes e.g. DNA ligase, DNA polymerase.
Glucose oxidase (from Aspergillus niger) is used for testing blood sugar levels. Cholesterol esterase (from P. fluorescens) is used for monitoring serum cholesterol levels. |
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Which primary metabolites are important in industry?
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Purine nucleotides, vitamins, organic acids, amino acids (e.g. glutamate, lysine and tryptophan made by Corynebacterium glutamicum).
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Give some examples of secondary metabolites produced for industry.
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Antibiotics, toxins, dyes, alkaloids, biopolymers, plant growth factors. These are only produced at particular time in the biology of microbes e.g. when they're under stress.
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What is exopolysaccharide xanthan gum?
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A biopolymer made naturally by Xanthomonas sp. and thickened by E415. Soluble in hot or cold water and gives high viscosity at low conc. Used in many food products and 20000 tonnes made annually. Secreted within fermenters.
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How was penicillin discovered?
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1928, Alexander Fleming observed Penicillium notatum kill S.aureus. When grown in liquid culture the filtered growth medium contained penicillin.
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Who developed the use of penicillin in WWII?
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Chain, Florey and Heatley produced it on an industrial scale in 1941. Used penicillium chrysogenum which gave a higher yield.
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What new approaches are there to antibiotics?
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Metagenomics to find novel clusters of genes for antibiotic synthesis which can then be expressed in a heterologous host. Can also take clusters and swap/add other genes to modify the antibiotic.
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From which bacteria group does streptomycin come from?
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Actinomycetes- a large soil bacteria group.
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