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295 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cDna is made because bacteria cannot go through |
RNA processing and cut out irrelevant parts
|
|
PCR is the same as
|
thermo-cycler
|
|
Thermo aquaticus is an _________ bacteria
|
archean
|
|
PCR goes through _____ cycles and end up with _______ molecules
|
30; over a billion (2^30)
|
|
_______ is a major opponent to agricultural biotechnology
|
Jeremy Rifkin
|
|
_____ corn is used for animals only
|
Starlink
|
|
Classical breeding does what?
|
mutate within same species
|
|
_____ virus kills papayas
|
Ringspot
|
|
An example of an organic pesticide is
|
BT
|
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PRoblem with pesticides is
|
target becomes resistant to pesticide
|
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A refuge is
|
a place where nonresistant pests can live
|
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_______ was group that fired at MSU and tried to stop GMO's
|
Earth Liberation
|
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________ engineered GM salmon
|
Aqua Bounty Farms
|
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Blue pipet min and max
|
100 micro-1000micro
|
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Yellow pipet max and min
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20 micro- 200 micro
|
|
White pipet max and min
|
.5 micro- 10 micro
|
|
Chelex are
|
plastic beads that attract heavy metals
|
|
______ separates DNA while ____ puts DNA primers to target
|
95'C; 60'C
|
|
Order of materials in blotting step of SOuthern Blotting
|
alkaline solution, sponge, gel, nitrocellulose paper, paper towels
|
|
The purpose of the alkaline solution in S. blotting is to
|
pull sample against filter and slightly denature
|
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"Ready-to-go" beads are
|
little while balls that have taq polymerase and nucleotides ready to go
|
|
The primary method of analyzing cloned DNA is
|
gel electrophoresis
|
|
Agar means
|
seaweed
|
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Agarose gel separates
|
DNA and some proteins
|
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Agarose gel is usually set up
|
horizontally
|
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You use _______ agarose if you want to separate fragments that are small in size
|
concetrated
|
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NEgative DNA will go to the
|
anode (positive) side
|
|
Shorter fragments go _____ in a gel electrophoresis
|
farther
|
|
Chemical dyes are 3-ringed structures that look like what?
|
A step in the DNA ladder
|
|
Dyes become _______ in DNA
|
intercolated
|
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An electrophoresis is run in a _____ solution
|
buffer
|
|
The buffer solution in the gel electrophoresis is used for what?
|
Keeping the pH constant
|
|
The buffer solution in a gel electrophoresis contains two substances. WHat are they?
|
A weak base and its salt
|
|
The weak base in the buffer is usually
|
Tris
|
|
The complementary salt to Tris is
|
boric acid
|
|
together, the usual buffer is called
|
Tbe buffer (Tris)
|
|
If there is no buffer in the electrophoresis, then what will happen?
|
The cathode end will become acidic and the anode will become alkaline
|
|
______ for longer times will separate DNA better than ______ all at once
|
low voltage; high voltage
|
|
DNA will show up after the gel has been
|
stained
|
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The usual stains (under UV light) are
|
Methylene Blue and Ethidium Bromide
|
|
Which stain works better?
|
Ethidium Bromide
|
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What gel has a tighter mesh of polymers than agarose gel and can distinguish between one base pair length?
|
Polyacrylamide gels
|
|
One base pair length is
|
.34 nm
|
|
Polyacrylamide gels must be run
|
horizontally
|
|
______can be used to tell if a gene is herterozygous or homozygous or if there are restriction sites witihin the gene
|
Gels
|
|
For sickle cell anemia, a normal cell has ____ band, sickle cell has ____, and heterozygous has ____ bands
|
1, 2, 3
|
|
A Southern Blotting Technique is a key technique is
|
DNA identification
|
|
Northern Blots are used for
|
RNA
|
|
Western Blots are used for
|
polypeptide chains (denatured proteins)
|
|
DNA fingerprinting was created by
|
SIr Alec Jeffreys
|
|
______regions of the DNA are many time more polymorphic than coding regions
|
Noncoding
|
|
Why are noncoding regions of DNA more polymorphic than coding regions?
|
They are not highly conserved
|
|
Sets of known regions that are highly polymorphic and bordered by certain restriction sites are known as
|
Short tandem repeats (STR)
|
|
STR stands for
|
short tandem repeat
|
|
MAtching sets of ____ are used identification markers in forensic
|
STR's
|
|
All forensics labs use same __________ and calculate percentage of population that hold those genes.
|
13 tandem repeats
|
|
An autoradiograph is an
|
x-ray film in SOuthern Blotting
|
|
The purpose of Southern Blotting is to
|
determine if organisms contain similar DNA
|
|
In Southern Blotting, you compare two organisms by
|
looking for a specific nucleotide sequence and comparing the size of the fragments
|
|
RFLP is a
|
restriction fragment length polymorphism
|
|
What is a RFLP?
|
Take a piece of DNA, use restriction enzymes to make little fragments
|
|
The restriction enzyme used in our lab was
|
HAE3
|
|
The gene from our lab was for
|
tasting bitterness
|
|
_____percent of DNA is STR
|
50
|
|
In order to mapping to work, an SNP must be physically close to
|
the allele
|
|
The closer the SNP is to the allele, the higher the
|
degree of certainty
|
|
SNP change
|
restriction sites
|
|
The Sanger method for sequencing does what?
|
Takes PCRed DNA, divide into four samples, add a primer that is complementary to 3', add unique ddnucleotide, run gel
|
|
Dideoxy nucleotide does not have
|
3 OH
|
|
Each sample in the Sanger method only gets
|
one dideoxy nucleotide
|
|
Restriction Fragment analysis is
|
looking at length of DNA and comparing the two diff DNA molecules
|
|
Polymorphisms mean
|
many forms
|
|
Polymorphisms are
|
variations in DNA sequence among population
|
|
Dideoxyribonucloetide chain termination method is
|
used to find sequence of DNA
|
|
A type of Northern Blotting is
|
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
|
|
RT-PCR is when
|
mRNA is made into cDNA
|
|
What is process of RT-PCR?
|
cDNA amplified by PCR using primers specific to a desirable gene, electrophoresis will reveal amplified DNA products with desired genes
|
|
in situ hybridization is what?
|
intact organism is used to determine which cells are expressing certain genes, probes used with mRNA of embryo
|
|
_____allows genome wide expression study
|
DNA microarray assay
|
|
What does DNA Microarray do?
|
Take diff DNA, put into different spots with a complement, see where genes are
|
|
RNA interference is known as
|
RNAi
|
|
RNAi is the
|
method of silencing expression of selected genes
|
|
How does RNAi work?
|
Takes synthetic double stranded RNA and triggers breakdown or blockage of corresponding mRNA
|
|
SNP is where variation is found in at least _______ of the population
|
1%
|
|
Organismal cloning
|
one or more organisms genetically identical to the parent
|
|
Genomic equivalence
|
if all cells of an organims have same genes
|
|
Totipotent cells are ones that
|
can mature and dedifferentiate and then give rise to all specialized cells
|
|
Nuclear transplantation is when one
|
removes the nucleus of un/fertilized cells and replaces it with differentiated cells
|
|
Reproductive Cloning is the
|
production of new individuals
|
|
Stem cell is an
|
unspecialized cell that can reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types
|
|
Embryonic Stem (ES) cells
|
reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into many diff types
|
|
Adult stem cells
|
can only give rise to multiple types of cells
|
|
pluripotent cells
|
capable of differentiating into many different cell types
|
|
induced pluripotet stem (iPS) cells are
|
differentiated cels that are turned into ESS cells by using retroviruses
|
|
iPS cells are used to overcome
|
nonfunctional tissue
|
|
In Microarray, you put what in each well?
|
single stranded cDNA
|
|
______is the most common vector
|
Ti plasmid
|
|
JellyFish used in our experiment was
|
Aequorea Victoria
|
|
Plants have been made to last longer using
|
antisense RNA
|
|
tPA is
|
tissue plasminogen activator
|
|
Along with herbicides, plants have become more _______ resistant
|
insect
|
|
Antisense RNA prevents What?
|
Ripening and Spoilage
|
|
Biotechnology has enlarged the ______ parts of plants
|
economical
|
|
Vitamin integration is
|
improving the nutrition of plants
|
|
People have allergic reaction to _____, which is what is changed in biotechnology
|
proteins
|
|
Golden Rice is what?
|
Rice that has the gene for beta carotene
|
|
________ children in the developing world go blind each year form vitamin A deficiency
|
250,000-300,000
|
|
_______ of blinded children die within a year
|
50%
|
|
Rhizobiums are the ____ most important organism in the world
|
3rd
|
|
If Rhizobium job is integrated into the gene of plants, then what happens?
|
plants can do nitrogen fixation themselves and the world food shortage is averted
|
|
Microorganism can extract______ from environment and transform them into harmless or usable forms
|
heavy metals
|
|
Microorganisms ca degrade ____ that cannot be easily degraded
|
organic compounds
|
|
Microorganisms may be able to clean up ____ spills and _____ drops
|
oil; mercury
|
|
New bacteria can handle radioactive compounds up to _____ higher than humans
|
1000s of times
|
|
Bacteria can take uranium metals and turn them into_____ form. Why is this beneficial?
|
Nonwater; it is harder to get into the water supply and drops the exposure risks
|
|
______ can be used for myelogenous leukemia
|
Gleevic
|
|
Transplant organs must be _______ compatible
|
MHC
|
|
MHC is
|
major histone complex
|
|
Transgenic creatures are creatures that are
|
developed from two diff species/genes
|
|
______ are prime candidates for gene fixing
|
bone marrow stem cells
|
|
The best job in medicine has been improving _____ cells
|
immune
|
|
SCID stands for
|
severe combined immuno deficiency
|
|
Problem with CF transformation is
|
cells reject new DNA; vector problem
|
|
CF main symptom is ____; main problem is _____
|
thick mucus in lungs; chloride ion channel does not work properly
|
|
A vector is
|
anything that carries genetic material
|
|
Transduction is
|
transformation exclusively for viral vectors
|
|
The most common genetic problem for caucasians is
|
Cystic Fibrosis
|
|
Control mechanisms are
|
promoter sequences
|
|
For pharmaceuticals, one can insert genes into ____ to make high quantities of human _____
|
bacteria; protein
|
|
A stroke is a
|
clot or rupture in the blood vessels
|
|
BActeria use ___, ____, and _____ to defend against phages
|
RE, methylated adenine and cytosine
|
|
What does tPA do?
|
Dissolves blood clots and reduces risk of heart attacks
|
|
Gene cloning is useful for what two reason?
|
1. Harvest protein product
2.Make gene copies (library development) |
|
Nucleases allow what?
|
reproducible fragments to be made
|
|
When is tPA effective?
|
up to 3 hours after a stroke
|
|
Restriction enzymes were found in late
|
1960s
|
|
Nucleases go both ways, or are
|
pallindromic
|
|
Re cut sequences about _____ base pairs long
|
3-8
|
|
Some RE cut ____ the DNA and others make sticky ends
|
straight through
|
|
Every RE has a specific
|
restriction site
|
|
In order to go through cloning, you need a good
|
cloning vector
|
|
RE come in two flavors: _______ & _______
|
endonucleases and ectonucleases
|
|
RE needs to work with ____ and _____
|
the site; DNA fragment
|
|
A good cloning vector needs to be
|
1.antibiotic resistant
2.have a marker gene |
|
Gene library must be house in
|
a specific medium or organism
|
|
Gene library is
|
collection of bunches of DNA
|
|
What is a marker gene?
|
Gene that makes a visual difference in colonies when disrupted
|
|
Transformation is the step of
|
putting a plasmid back into a bacteria
|
|
Broken marker gene will result in
|
same color colonies
|
|
PLasmid that got the foreign DNA is called
|
recombinant plasmid
|
|
Genetic recombination is the
|
combination of DNA from two sources
|
|
Working marker gene results in
|
different color colonies
|
|
An example of a marker gene is
|
lacZ
|
|
Transformation, tranduction, and conjugation are all examples of
|
genetic recombination
|
|
The plasmid that's going to get foreign DNA is the
|
cloning vector
|
|
An example of a genomic library is
|
when a plasmid has become recombinant
|
|
Horizontal gene transfer is the
|
movement of genes from members of different species`
|
|
Actual definition of transformation is
|
genotype of a prokaryotic cells is altered by uptake of foreign DNA
|
|
transduction definition
|
phages carry one host cell to another
|
|
R. Plasmids are
|
plasmids that carry resistance genes
|
|
What allows for study of particular cell function and gene expression?
|
making cDNA
|
|
Hfr cells are known as
|
high frequency of recombination
|
|
_____ of caucasians are carrier of CF gene
|
1/25
|
|
cDNA is made how?
|
mRNA has complete DNA made, broken down, DNA gets compliment
|
|
An Hfr cells is one that
|
has an F factor on its chromosome
|
|
The Solution that is sloshed with filter paper has
|
a probe with gene of interest on it
|
|
What is the human germline gene therapy?
|
making genetic changes that will be inherited by future generations
|
|
mEtabolomics is the
|
study of cDNA and metabolic processes
|
|
Who was the first to put an artificial chromosome in an animal and what animal was it?
|
Chromos; a mouse
|
|
Dna is usually injected via
|
microinjection
|
|
Reverse transcriptase is used in what two processes?
|
HIV, cDNA
|
|
How are artificial chromosome inherited?
|
Like a natural chromosome
|
|
Microinjection _____ with DNA because it's ______
|
doesn't; too large
|
|
Reverse transcriptase does what?
|
backwards transcription
|
|
How do you start making artificial chromosomes?
|
use DNA manufacturing enzymes to duplicate stubby arms and extend them with satellite DNA
|
|
Random genes can be passed on, but with no
|
therapeutic effect
|
|
Child born with HIV is so because of
|
bodily fluid transfer
|
|
In order to be effective, a plasmid must have it's own promoter sequence, or
|
bacterial promoter sequence
|
|
An expression vector is
|
a plasmid that has a powerful bacterial promoter sequence
|
|
Yeasts are _____ and thus can go through RNA processing
|
eukaryotic
|
|
Inserting chromosomes creates
|
a new species
|
|
Bacterial promoter sequence is used for
|
high efficiency transcription
|
|
Yeasts have ______ & ______ as well
|
endoplasmic reticulum; plasmid
|
|
Artificial chromosome behaves as a
|
real chromosome
|
|
_____ are closes Eukaryotic relative to bacteria
|
yeast
|
|
Hybrid plasmids have been created using
|
yeast and bacterium
|
|
What's wrong with germ line therapy?
|
You don't have the right to modify future generations
|
|
cDNa can show the ____ that are found in any tissue
|
genes
|
|
Only ____ amount of gene is expressed with each cell
|
small
|
|
_____ techniques of competency
|
2
|
|
An example of a 2+ ion salt is
|
CaCl(2)
|
|
"making cells competent" or "increasing competency" means
|
making transformation more effective
|
|
One method of competency is _____, followed by a ______
|
2+ ion salt water bath; heat shock
|
|
Another technique of competency is
|
electroporation
|
|
Bacteria cells must be made _______ to accept DNA readily
|
competent
|
|
The 2+ ion salt water bath and heat shock allow ____ to form
|
pores
|
|
What is electroporation?
|
Electric charge used with Eukaryotic too
|
|
One can use a ______ as a vector to send DNA into bacteria
|
bacteriophage
|
|
For plant cells, one can use a _____, coat pellets with ____, and shoot the pellets
|
baby shot gun; DNA
|
|
BAC's are
|
bacterial artificial chromosomes
|
|
BAC can carry DNA insert of length
|
100-300 kilobase pairs
|
|
Someone can also ____ DNa into cells directly
|
inject
|
|
What is a bacterial artificial chromosome?
|
type of vector used in library construction- large plasmids trimmed down so they just contain genes necessary for replication
|
|
BAC is good because it minimizes
|
the number of clones needed to make a genomic library
|
|
Actual definition of genomic library is
|
plasmid containing clones of particular segment from the gene
|
|
Plasmid can carry DNA no longer than length of
|
10 kb pairs
|
|
BAC's are bad because they are
|
harder to work with, cut up to "subcloned" section
|
|
nucleic acid hybridization is when
|
you detect gene's DNA by using complementary molecule
|
|
Artificial Eukaryotic chromosomes have 3 things
|
centromere, telomeres, origin of replication
|
|
cycle of PCR production
|
1. Reaction mixture is heated to separate DNA strands
2. Colled to allow annealing of DNA primers complementary to sequences 3.heat stable DNA polymerase extends primers in 5-3 direction |
|
DNA polymerase used in PCR is called
|
taq polymerase
|
|
What is a nucleic acid probe?
|
Complementary molecule used in nucleic acid hybridization
|
|
Denature means
|
separate
|
|
Taq polymerase comes from species
|
thermus aquaticus
|
|
What is an expression vector?
|
cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter sequences upstream of a restriction site where Eu. gene can be inserted
|
|
Annealing means
|
hydrogen bonding
|
|
What does RFLP stand for?
|
restriction fragment length polymorphism
|
|
What is an RFLP?
|
when enzymes chop the genome at a certain point
|
|
What is an SNP and what does it stand for?
|
when someone has DNA change that prevents RFLP; single nucleotide polymorphism
|
|
What is a core sequence?
|
similar piece of DNA in satellites
|
|
Pores in a bacteria are called
|
adhesion zones
|
|
What parts of DNA are most susceptible to change?
|
tandem DNA
|
|
DNA profiling focuses on what?
|
few variable minisatellites
|
|
Competency must be done to _____ bacteria, ones that can go through rapid _______
|
new; growth
|
|
What is a minisatellite?
|
tandem DNA
|
|
What amplifies base pairs and is more effective at DNA profiling?
|
PCR
|
|
Lowering the temperature does what to the phosphate membrane?
|
stabilizing the negatively charged phosphate membrane
|
|
Rapid heat addition to bacteria does what?
|
creates a temporary imbalance and current that takes DNA in
|
|
PCR uses ____satellites
|
micro
|
|
What do the ions do in a salt bath for bacteria?
|
Bind to cell membrane to make it neutral
|
|
How does a RE help bacteria against bacteriophages?
|
cuts up foreign DNA
|
|
PCR stands for
|
polymerase chain reaction
|
|
Who invented PCR?
|
Kary Mullis
|
|
Restriction site is usually _____ base pairs long
|
4-8
|
|
microsatellites are known as
|
simple tandem repeats
|
|
PSeudomonas are a good genus for what?
|
cleaning up chemicals
|
|
PCR can amplify _____ base pairs
|
1000-2000
|
|
Microsatellites can be used to ____ & _____ the genome
|
map and sequence
|
|
Who wanted to originally splice cancer genes?
|
Berg
|
|
Microsatellites are ____ than mini but just as _____
|
shorter, variable
|
|
antibiotics are
|
chemicals used to kill bacteria
|
|
cDNA is made by
|
reverse transcriptase
|
|
With X-galactose and lacZ gene, what color signifies what?
|
no transformation= blue
transformation= white |
|
Nucleic Acid hybridization is
|
last step in transformation
|
|
Who was the first genetic engineer?
|
Herb Boyer
|
|
Transformation _____ more than it ____
|
fails, succeeds
|
|
cDNA is also known as
|
complementary DNA
|
|
What did Boyer do? With whom?
|
put toad gene into bacteria with stan cohen
|
|
_____ began fixing tomato crop problems
|
Horsch
|
|
Who opposed Berg?
|
Pollack
|
|
______ is the most protective form of lab wear
|
P4
|
|
Who was in Genetech and found insulin patch of DNA?
|
Goeddel
|
|
Who showed recombinant DNA in system was harmless?
|
Brenner
|
|
Who created Genetech and why?
|
Boyer and Swanson to make naturally occuring cells
|
|
Who showed new traits could be engineered into plants?
|
Horsch
|
|
Who wanted to commercialize Boyer's work?
|
Swanson
|
|
Who was against Genentech in insulin battle?
|
Gilbert
|
|
How did Horsch prove work?
|
used agro bacterium to introduce new genes into plant cell
|
|
____ are often clustered by the telomeres
|
minisatellites
|
|
What company rules agriculture?
|
Monsanto
|
|
What is single nucleotide polymorphism?
|
small DNA change that stops RFLP at that site (prevents enzymes from cutting at that site)
|
|
PCR does what?
|
amplify DNA
|
|
Who invented DNA fingerprinting?
|
Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys
|
|
Tandem repeat DNA is what?
|
short sequence of DNA repeated many times in a row
|
|
______ have a repeat unit length of 6-100 bases
|
minisatellites
|
|
What is restriction fragment length polymorphism?
|
RFLP, when DNA enzymes chop short DNA sequences into pieces
|
|
WHat is PCR?
|
polymerase chain reaction
|
|
There are 2 to several hundred repeats at a
|
minisatellite
|
|
Genetic Engineering is
|
direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
|
|
____ have a repeat unit length of 1-7 bases
|
microsatellites
|
|
PCR works better with
|
microsatellites
|
|
_______ led to techniques needed for analyzing genes and their expressions
|
recombinant DNA
|
|
5 to 100 repeats at each _____
|
microsatellite
|
|
recombinant DNA
|
DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA from two different sources are combined in vitro
|
|
Biotechnology is
|
manipulation of organimsms or components to make useful products
|
|
_____ are scattered randomly throughout the genome
|
Microsatellites
|
|
In Vitro menas
|
in test tube
|
|
Biotechnology encompasses
|
genetic engineering
|
|
Each restriction enzyme is
|
specific
|
|
______ DNA is from another source
|
foreign
|
|
Bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule is
|
recombinant bacterium
|
|
Typical genes take up _____ of DNA in humans
|
one millionth
|
|
DNA cloning is
|
methods for preparing well defined segments of DNA into multiple identical copies
|
|
Production of multiple copies of a single gene is
|
gene cloning
|
|
restriction enzymes are also
|
restriction endonucleases
|
|
Recombinant DNA molecule is
|
a plasmid that has been genetically altered with new DNA
|
|
Gene cloning is useful because
|
1. makes copies of a particular gene
2.produce a protein product |
|
What are restriction endonucleases?
|
enzymes that cut DNA molecules at a limited number of specific locations
|
|
Restriction site is
|
a particular short DNA sequence that is identified by specific restriction enzymes
|
|
What is biotechnology?
|
using living organisms to solve problems or create useful products
|
|
Restriction sites are
|
symmetrical
|
|
_______ of crops have received herbicide resistant gene
|
40%
|
|
____ make recombinant DNA permanent
|
DNA ligase
|
|
Restriction fragments are
|
sets of DNA that have been cut
|
|
Sticky end is
|
single stranded end left by restriction enzymes
|