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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biotechnology
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the study of living organisms to make, or improve something
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DNA Fingerprinting
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method of identifying an individual based on their DNA sequence using electrophoresis and probes
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vector
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A vehicle that can transport DNA into a host cell
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karyotype
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a picture of one's chromosomes homologously
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monosomy
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an aneuploidy in which there is only one copy of the chromosomes
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nondisjunction
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when homologous pairs of chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
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trisomy
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an aneuploidy in which there are three copies of the organism
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transgenic organism
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any organism that has its own DNA plus working genes from another species; has been engineered to carry another organism's genes
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PCR
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Polymerase Chain Reaction; a method of making millions of copies of DNA from a very small amount
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cell culture
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growing cells in a petri dish, allowing scientists to test how different molecules affect human cells without needing human test subjects
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restriction enzymes
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an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence; a protein that can cleave DNA in certain places
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plasmid
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an extra piece of circular DNA outside the normal circular chromosomes obtained from bacteria
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recombinant DNA
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cutting and pasting different genes together; connected pieces of DNA from different sources
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gene therapy
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a method of treating genetic disorders by inserting a functional copy of the missing or non-functional gene into the cells
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gel electrophoresis
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a standard technique that separates molecules on the basis of size and charge in a gel matrix, allowing you to visualize differences
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totipotent
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stem cells (usually embryonic cells) that can become any type of cell
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pluripotent
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stem cells that can develop into a number of different cells but not all types of cells
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stem cells
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a cell that has the ability to develop into a number of different cells
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clone
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any offspring produced by asexual reproduction
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well
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a hole in the gel where a sample of DNA is placed
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reproductive cloning
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cloning that is used to make identical offspring
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agarose gel
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gel matrix used in electrophoresis
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therapeutic cloning
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cloning in which the cloned zygote does not develop into a new individual, but manipulated to grow into a specific type of cell
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genetic engineering
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the process of changing genes to make an organism more suitable to its environment, help find a cure for a disease, etc.
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transgenetics
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The process of inserting a desired gene into a vector in order to add a gene to an organism
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how does biotechnology affect agriculture?
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make crops resistant to pests of herbicides, make crops grow under harsh conditions, make crops ripen more easily, etc
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how does biotechnology affect medicine?
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can engineer plants, bacteria to make medicine, fix genetic disorders by inserting the missing gene, etc
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how does biotechnology affect commerce?
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can engineer plants to produce better polymers
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DNA ligase
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helps stick pieces of recombinant DNA together
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what are the benefits of the human genome project?
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Helps us better diagnose genetic disorders and how best to treat them.
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What are four types of vectors?
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plasmids, viruses, micro pipettes, gene guns
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basic cloning steps
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1.take egg cell, remove nucleus
2.take adult cell 3.starve adult cell until it thinks its a zygote 4.fuse the adult cell with the empty egg (electro-shock) 5.hope the cell will begin dividing |
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junk DNA
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(non-coding DNA) sections between genes that are unique to each fingerprint
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