Biotech Test 1

Front 1

3 reasons why HeLa cells make excellent model cells for scientific research.

Back 1

HeLa cells are not limited by space, they will divide until they run out of culture medium

Despite being cancerous they still shared many characteristics with normal humans cells: proteins, communication, divide, generate energy, express/regulate genes, and are susceptible to infections

HeLa cells are inexpensive and can divide much faster than normal cells, speeding up the research process. Plus, things didn’t need to be tested on animals, in the early stages HeLa could be used.

Front 2

Why did the technician in the Gey lab try to culture both healthy cells and tumor cells from Ms. Lacks’ cervix? What did this control reveal?

Back 2

to have a control (the normal cells) and the experiment which was the cancer cells

Henriettas normal cells did not grow, only the cancer cells multiplied (HeLa are cancer cells)

Front 3

HeLa role in poliovirus vaccine

Back 3

cheap and efficient way to test polio on human cells before injecting it into humans

Front 4

3 other discoveries and developments in which HeLa played a part or lead directly to

Back 4

How to freeze cells without harming or changing them.

Advancements in human genetics (how many chromosomes)

Cloning cells

Front 5

HeLa cells were found to be infected by the Human Papilloma Virus 18 (HPV18) - How did this viral infection cause Ms. Lacks’ cancer

Back 5

It suppressed the p53 tumor suppressor in the cells it infected allowing them to continue growing.

Front 6

Kochs Postulates

Back 6

The microorganism must present in every single case of the disease

The microorganism must be able to be isolated from the disease host and regrown in a completely uninfected culture

The microorganism regrown in uninfected culture must be able to cause the disease in a healthy host animal

The microorganism must be able to be re-isolated from the new host and show to be the same microorganism.

Front 7

Composition of Nucleic Acids

Back 7

Nucleic acids are long, complex molecules composed of four monomer units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a single or double-ringed nitrogenous base group, a 5-carbon sugar ring, and a phosphate group (PO4)

Front 8

What kinds of Bonds hold DNA together?

Back 8

Hydrogen bonds

Front 9

What is the unique part of Amino Acids? How many amino Acids are there?

Back 9

R-group. 20.

Front 10

Name for string of protein molecules.

Back 10

Polypeptide

Front 11

Name for protein bonds

Back 11

peptide bonds

Front 12

What are steroids composed of? What are their functions?

Back 12

Steroids → are composed of three overlapping 6-carbon rings bound to a 5-carbon sing

They are complex molecules which can function as hormones, venom, and pigments.

Front 13

Phospholipids

Back 13

Phospholipids → found primarily in a cell’s membrane, they are similar to triglycerides in structure except they contain phosphate groups that make them slightly more water-soluble on one side of the molecule.

Phospholipids are composed of two fatty acid chains (the monomer units) attached to a glycerol molecule. Attached to the end of a glycerol is a phosphate group. The phosphate group as a net negative charge which makes the phosphate end hydrophilic (water loving). The fatty-acid chains are hydrophobic the different ends cause phospholipids to line up in a certain way.

Front 14

Triglycerides

Back 14

are energy storage molecules found in animal fats and plant oils.

Front 15

Carbohydrates

Name two mono, di, and poly saccharides

Back 15

Carbohydrates → organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Generally in a 1:2:1 ratio.

mono- Glucose, Fructose

di- Sucrose, Lactose

Poly- plant starches such as amylose, cellulose.

Front 16

Prokaryotes

Back 16

no membrane bound organelles -> ex) no mitochondria, nucleus

but have ribosomes

naked DNA, circular DNA

complexity is limited

unicellular

no cytoskeleton

3 shapes

bacillus(rod-shaped), coccus(spherical), spirillum( spiral)

Front 17

Eukaryotes

Back 17

Eukaryotes

membrane bound organelles

linear DNA

mostly multicellular

cytoskeleton

Front 18

Questions that need to be answered when producing a drug.

Back 18

Does the product meet a critical need? Who will use the product?

Is the market large enough to produce enough sales? How many customers are there?

Do preliminary data support that the product will work? Will the product do what the company claims?

Can patent protection be secured? Can the company prevent other companies from producing it?

Can the company make a profit on the product? How much will it cost to make it? How much can it be sold for?

Front 19

What is the product pipeline?

Back 19

The product pipeline starts with product identification, then research and development, then small-scale manufacturing, then testing for safety, then large-scale manufacturing and then sales, clinical trials and marketing. It generally takes around 800 million and 15 years to produce.

Front 20

What are the regulatory agencies for drugs?

Back 20

FDA or Food and Drug Administration => that is the gatekeeper for clinical trials

NIH or Natural Institute of Health

CDC or Centre for Disease Control

Front 21

Nuceoid

Back 21

The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore.[1]

Front 22

Nucleotide

Back 22

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Front 23

What word is used to describe a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions?

Back 23

amphipathic

Front 24

purines

Back 24

G and A

Front 25

pyrimidines

Back 25

C and T