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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
data
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observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected
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statistics
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a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and drawing conclusions based on the data
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population
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complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurents, and so on) to be studied, collection is complete in the sense that it includes all subjects to be studied
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census
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collection of data from every member of the population
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sample
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subcollection of members selected from part of a population
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parameter
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measurement describing some characteristic of a population
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statistic
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measurement describbing some characteristic of a sample
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quantitative data
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consist of numbers representing counts of measurements
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qualitative data
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aka categorical, attribute-can be serperated into different categories tht are distinguished by some non-numeric characteristic
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discrete data
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result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a "countable" number (0, 1, 2...)
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continuous data
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numerical-result from infinitely many possible calues that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruption or jumps
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nominal level of measurement
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characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only, the data cannot be arrange in an ordering scheme
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ordinal level of measurement
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data that can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values cannot be determined or are meaningless
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interval level of measurement
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like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful, however data at this level do not have a natural zero starting point
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ratio level of measurement
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interval elvel with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present) and for values at this level, differences and ratios are both meaningful
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voluntary response sample
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self-selected sample-one in which the respondents themsleves decide whether to be included
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observational study
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observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don't attempt to modify the subjects being studied
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experiment
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apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its offects on the subjects
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cross-sectional study
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data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time
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retrospective study
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case-control study-data are collected from the past by going back in time (through examination of records, interviews, and so on)
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prospective study
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longitudinal, cohort-data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors (called cohorts)
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confounding
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occurs when effects of variables are somehow mixed so that the individual effects of the variables cannot be identified
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random sample
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members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member has the same chance of being selected
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simple random smaple
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of size n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample of same size n has the same chance of being chosen
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systematic sampling
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randomly select a starting point and then select every kth element in the population
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convenience sampling
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collect results that are very easy (convenient) to get
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stratified sampling
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subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata) that share the same characteristics (such as gender or age bracket), then we draw a sample from each subgroup
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cluster sampling
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first divide the population area into sections (or clusters), then randomly select some of those clusters, and then choose all the members from those selected clusters
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sampling error
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the difference between a sample result and the true population result, such as an error results from change sample fluctuations
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nonsampling error
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occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed (such as by selecting a biased sample, using a defective measure instrument, or recording the data incorrectly)
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