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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are chemicals made from?
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Elements such as: iron, gold, hydrogen and carbon. There are 112 known elements.
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What is a chemical element?
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Any material composed of only one atom.
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What is an atom?
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An atom is the smallest component of an element that still has properties of the element and can exist on its own
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What are the two parts in the nucleus of an atom?
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Neutrons and Protons
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What is contained within an atom's shell?
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Electrons
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How many electrons are allowed in the first, second and third shell?
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First Shell: Two
Second Shell: Eight Third Shell: Eight |
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Define electrically neutral atom.
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An Atom that carries no overal ll charge.
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Define an isotope
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An isotope is a form of the same atom, which have different amounts of neutrons.
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What is an Radioisotopes
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An radioactive isotope which is unstable and gives off radiation.
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What is an ion?
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An atom that has gained, or lost an electron and is now electrically charged.
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How is a molecule formed?
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By sharing its electrons with another atom to fill it's shell.
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What is a molecule?
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Two or more joint atoms sharing electrons.
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How do you tell if an ion will be negative or positive?
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If it has given up an electron, it will be positive(cation).
If it has gained an electron, it is negative(anion). |
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What is a cation?
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A positive ion.
Note: caution is close to cation - and caution is always a good thing :) Hence, positive. |
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What is an anion?
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A negative ion.
Note: anions are like onions, which can make you cry. That's negative. |
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What is the symbol for chlorine?
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Cl
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What is the symbol for sodium?
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Na
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What is the symbol for hydrogen?
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H
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What Ion is this? K+
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Potassium
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What chemical does Mg2 stand for?
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Magnesium
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What does this symbol mean? Fe
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Iron
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What is the symbol for Hydroxide?
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OH-
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What is the symbol for chloride?
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Cl-
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What is the symbol for Hydroxide?
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OH-
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HCO3- : What ion is this?
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Bicarbonate
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CO3^2-: What is the name of this ion?
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Carbonate
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SO4^2-: What is the name of this ion?
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Sulphate
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What Symbol is for Phosphate?
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PO4^3-
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S2-: What is the name of this ion?
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Sulphide
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Is Fe3+ ferrous or ferric?
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Ferric
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Is Fe2+ ferrous or ferric?
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Ferrous
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What is a compound?
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A molecule comprising of two or more different atoms
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A small number beside a symbol explains what?
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That their are two of that atom or ion. E.g: H2(imagine that 2 is small!) is really two Hydrogen atoms.
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Define a covalent bond
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When a molecule is formed by sharing electrons.
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Does a covalent bond contain energy?
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Yes
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What does a line ( - ) represent between two atoms, such as H - H?
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It means they share a pair of electrons.
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What does a double line ( = ) represent between two atoms, such as H = H?
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it means they share two pairs of electrons.
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What is a nonpolar molecule?
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When the pairs are shared evenly. Such as Hydrogen or Oxygen molecules.
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What is a primary ingredient of an organic molecule?
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Carbon
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How many electrons are in carbons outer shell?
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Four.
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A molecule with differently charged parts like the water molecule is called a?
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Polar Molecule.
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Define an ionic bond
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When a negative and a positive ion come together they hold each other and therefore create an ionic bond.
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What is the symbol for Sodium Chloride?
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NaCl
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What is Sodium Chloride used for?
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Table Salt
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What do most ionic compounds exist as?
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Crystallized Salts
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What is the symbol for Calcium Carbonate?
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CaCO3
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What is the symbol for Carbon Dioxide?
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Co2
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What is the symbol for glucose?
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C6H1206
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What is HCl?
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Hydrochloric acid
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What is the symbol for baking soda?
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NaHC03
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What is the symbol for sodium bicarbonate?
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NaHC03
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What is NaOH?
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Sodium Hydroxide.
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What is the symbol for water?
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H20
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What is the result of a chemical reaction occur?
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Old bonds are broken or new bonds are formed and a new product is created with different chemical properties.
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While writing down a chemical equation, what would you write on the left hand side?
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The starting atoms/molecules
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While writing down a chemical equation, what would you write on the right hand side?
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The end result of atoms/molecules
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What is another word for a catabolic reaction?
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Decomposition
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What is another word (in the chemistry sense) for decomposition?
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catabolic
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What is a catabolic reaction?
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A reaction where molecules are broken down and thus release energy.
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What is another world for synthesis?
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Anabolic
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What is another word for anabolic?
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Synthesis
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What is an anabolic reaction?
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A chemical reaction where new bonds are formed. Energy is needed.
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What is metabolism?
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Chemical reactions that occur within a body
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What is a solute?
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The substance which is being dissolved.
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What is a solution?
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A solute dissoved in a solvent.
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What is a solvent?
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The substance in which the solute is dissoved in, usually water.
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Solutions that have the same concentration as our body are called what?
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Isotonic solutions
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Ions are also known as what?
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Electrolytes
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What is the difference between inorganic and organic compounds?
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inorganic componds don't usually contain carbon, with a few exceptions.
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What are the exceptions to the rule that inorganic compounds don't usually contain carbon?
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Carbon Dioxide C02 & Bicarbonate ion (Hc03-)
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Name a few examples of inorganic compounds
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Water, salts, acids and bases
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What is the functions of water?
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* It is an excellent solvent
* perfect medium for chemical reactions inside the body * transports nutrients throughout the body |
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What is a salt?
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A compound consisting of at least one anion and one cation.
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What is the most numerount salts in the body?
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calcium phosphates
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What do sodium ions do inside the body?
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regulate water balance and produce nerve impulses
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What do chloride ions do inside the body?
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Regulate water balance
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What do calcium ions do inside the body?
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Muscle contraction and blood clotting.
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What do potasium ions do inside the body?
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produce electrical nerve impulses
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What are some examples of acids?
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Citrus, soft drinks, car batteries
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What are some examples of bases?
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Some cleaners, soaps, baking soda
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What are buffers from within the body?
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The bodies natrual way of preventing the PH balance in your body to go out of kilter.
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What is an acid?
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A substance that releases Hydrogen Ions(H+) into water
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What is a base?
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A substance that reduces the amount of Hydrogen Ions from water.
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What does a weak acid mean?
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That it releases a smaller amount of H+
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What happens when Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) mixes with an acid in water?
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It releases OH into the water, which rapidly clings to Hydrogen ions - and creates water.
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Why is bicarbonate ion important?
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It 'mops' up exess hydrogen ions in the body and creates water.
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What is the symbol for biccarbonate ion?
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HC03-
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What is the ph scale?
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A scale which helps describe the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution.
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A solution with a ph less than 7 is what?
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Acidic, having more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.
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A solution with a ph more than 7 is what?
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basic (or alkaline), having less hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.
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What is the ph of blood kept around?
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7.4
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What do salts become in body fluids?
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ions
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What are some examples of organic componds?
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Fats, carbohydrates, protients, nucleic acids
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What is the major role of a carbohydrate?
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To provide energy
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What are some examples of important carbohydrates?
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Glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose, starch, glycogen
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What are the major roles of a fat or lipids?
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Source of energy, energy reserves(fat), part of cell membranes
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What are some examples of fats or lipids?
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Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
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what are the major roles of a protein?
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Control chemical reactions.
Makes up much of the structure of cells and tissues. Many other varied functions. |
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What are some examples of protiens?
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Enzymes, structural proteins, muscle proteins, transport proteins
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Whare are the major roles of Nucleic acids?
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Store genetic information and direct cell activities
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What are two examples of Nucleic acids?
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RNA, DNA
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Where does the word carbohydrate come from?
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Its structure: As well as carbon, it consists of Hydrogen and Oxygen in a similar ratio to water. (Twice as many hydrogens as oxygens - that is what hydrate means.)
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What are carbohydrates made up of?
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Sugars or saccharides
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What are the three major groups of carbohydrates?
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* Monosaccharides
* Disaccharides * Polysaccharides |
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Monosaccharides and disaccharides are also known as what?
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Simple sugars
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What is a complex sugar also known as?
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polysaccharides
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What is an example of a monosaccaride?
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Glucose
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What are examples of disaccharides?
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Sucrose, lactose, maltose
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What are some examples of polysaccharides?
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starch, celluose
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Glucose is stored as what?
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Glycogen
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Where is glycogen stored?
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The liver and skeletal muscles
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Saturated fatty acids contain the maximum number of what?
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hydrogen atoms joined with the carbon atoms
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Unsaturated fatty acids have less what and why?
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Hydogen atoms because they share a double bond with carbon.
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What shape is a Triglycerides in?
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An E with the last prong being bent due to the double carbon bond. It is one glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached to each of the three oxygen atoms.
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What three fatty acids are in a triglyceride?
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Palmatic, Stearic, Oleic
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What does a phospolid look like
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a polar head with two tails. The phosphate group and glyceride form the polar "head" of the molecule which is soluble in water and said to be hydrophilic (or water-loving). The fatty acids form the nonpolar "tails" that are insoluble and said to be hydrophobic (or water hating).
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What does hydrophilic mean?
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Water loving
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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Water hating
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What is the most important steriod to us?
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Cholestrol
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What are some common roles of protien in the body?
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* Structual Protiens(ollagen in bones and tendons, and keratin in hair, nails and skin).
* Enzymes * Transporting Chemicals around the body * Muscle Protiens(contractions) * Defence Protiens protect against disease * Hormones |
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What are protiens made of?
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Amino Acids
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What do amino acids consist of?
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central carbon atom (C) joined to a hydrogen atom (H), amine group (-NH2), carboxyl acid group (-COOH) and an R group.
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The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds into long chains called what?
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polypeptides
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A single polypeptide chain or a number of chains makes up each what?
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Protein
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Changes in temperature and pH unravel proteins so they lose their shape; when this happens the protein is said to be what?
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Denatured
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When domething is denatured, what happens?
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It no longer works
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What are the two types of nucleic acid?
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RNA and DNA
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What does RNA stand for?
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Ribonucleic acid
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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Dna contains what?
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Genes
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What do genes do?
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Genes direct body activities by specifying the types of proteins to be made in each cell; genes contain the instructions for building proteins.
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What does RNA do?
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helps to build the proteins.
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Nucleic acids are very large molecules made of what?
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C, H, O, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).
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What are nucleotides?
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The building blocks of nucleic acids.
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What does a Nucleotide structure look like?
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A round phosphate group to the left and above to a connected pentagon (sugar). The sugar is connected to an oval to the right, which is a nucleotide base.
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What is DNA made up of?
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wo strands of nucleotides held together by bonds between the bases so that a ladder-like molecule is formed. The sugars and phosphate groups form each side of the ladder, and the joined bases form the rungs on the inside.
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The base adenine (A) matches with what other base?
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thymine (T)
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The base cytosine (C) matches with what other base?
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guanine (G)
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About 1000 rungs of the ladder make up a gene; and the order of bases along the length of a gene contains what?
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The coded instructions for making a protein.
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RNA is made of what?
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A single strand of nucleotides, containing a different sugar and one different base.
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RNA doesn't use thymine (T). What does it contain instead?
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uracil (U).
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What are two of the types of RNA?
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messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
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What does RNA do?
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Build protiens
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Extra fat is stored in where?
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adipose tissue
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