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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a gene?
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a gene is a double stranded double helical molecule called DNA
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what is a protein?
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a protein is the macromolecule of an organism.
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what makes a species what it is?
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genes dictate the inherent properties of a species
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what causes a variation in a species?
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variation exists because genes can exist in several different forms called alleles
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what are three fundamental properties of genes?
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replication, generation of form and mutation
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what is a genome?
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an organisms basic complement of dna.
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diploid
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an organism containing two copies of its genome.
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haploid
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an organism containing one copy of its genome
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What are homologous chromosomes?
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two chromosomes with the same gene array
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nucleotide
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a dna building block made of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base
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Describe how DNA fits into a nucleus .
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The DNA is coiled sound a histone, which becomes a nucleosome which the becomes coiled with other nucleosomes by histone H1 . These nucleosome coils are then attached to protein scaffolds and coiled further
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What is genetic material?
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MAerial that determines species identity and specific traits within a species
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Define species identity.
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The differences that come from within the genetic material.
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Who did the first experiment of transformation
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Fredrick griffith
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What is transformation?
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A strain of one species that show certain properties turn to a similar with different properties
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Define virulence
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This is the smooth strain (s) . This is the bad kind
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Define avirulence
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This is the rough strain (r) . Tis is the good kind
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Define morphology
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The differences in appearance
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Describe griffiths experiment
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He took boiled s strain and inject it into a mouse as well as first mixing another batch with live r strain then injecting it. The mouse with just the dead s strain lived but the r and dead s strains killed the other mouse.
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What can we conclude from griffiths experiment?
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We can conclude that when you. Mix dead s and living r strains into a host the r strain undergoes a transformation to s which kills the host
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What is the purpose of Oswald Avery's experiment?
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To determine what is the changing genetic material
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What comprises a dead s cell?
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Lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, RNA , DNA
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Describe Oswald Avery's experiment.
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Oswald used subtraction on each component of the dead s cell and found that all but the DNA being destroyed killed the mouse.
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What can we conclude from oswalds experiment?
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That the genetic material within the DNA Being destroyed prevented the s cells from transforming the r cells , and this this is where the genetic material for transformation is stored
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Define subtraction
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Destroy individual components and see what happens
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Define purification
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Isolate individual components and see what happens
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What was the idea behind the hershy and chase experiment?
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Genetic material must propagate itself in host bacterial cells so the phage may copy itself
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Describe the Hershey and chase experiment.
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Radiative markers of phosphorus and sulphur were added to pages. Knowing the sulphur would represent proteins and phosphorus would present DNA , they concluded that the phosphorus(DNA ) was indeed was what transfers to the host not the proteins
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What is a replisome ?
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A large nucleoprotein that coordinates replication at the fork
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What is the. Pol III holoenzyme?
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It consists of two parts, one that handles leading and on that handles laggin synthesis and proteins that bridge the two
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What does the sliding clamp do?
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Keeps DNA poly III attached to DNA to add tens of thousands of nucleotides.
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What is a distributive enzyme?
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One that only adds a few nucleotides before falling off.
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What is a processive enzyme??
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A enzyme that adds ten of thousands of nucleotide bases
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What acts a template for semiconservative reproduction??
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Each of the two strands direct the assembly of complementary bases
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Define semi conservative reproduction .
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DNA replication where the new DNA has one strand from the parent and one newly synthesized one
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Define conservative reproduction
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DNA replication where the parent remains whole and a newly synthesized DNA is formed. Both are separate of each other.
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What was the purpose of the Meselson-stahl experiment?
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They needed to figure out if replication was semiconservative, conservative or dispersive
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Describe the Meselson-stahl experiment?
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They took e.coli, one with heavy nitrogen and one with light ,and then both were allowed to replicate together. The result was strands showing semi conservative replication.
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Where does DNA polymerase act
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Rut ahead of the replication fork
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What is the leading strand?
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The strand of DNA that DNA polymerase can use a template to smoothly copy uthe DNA from 3' to 5'
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Define an Okazaki fragment
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A short stretch of newly synthesized DNA on the lagging strand.
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What is needed to initiate replication on both strands?
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A primer
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WHat is a primer?
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Short chain of nucleotides that bind with the template strand to form a segment of duplex DNA.. Initiates replication
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What is primase??
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An RNA polymerase that synthesizes a short stretch of RNA complementary to a specific part of the chromosome
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What is the first step in replication on the lagging strand?
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Primase synthesizes RNA primers copied from DNA
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What is the second step in replication on the lagging strand?
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DNA pol III elongates RNA primers with new DNA
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What is the third step in replication on the lagging strand?
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DNA pol I removes RNA fragment at the 5' of the neighboring fragment and fills the gap
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What is the fourth step in replication on the lagging strand?
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DNA ligase connect the adjacent fragments
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Define ligation
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The process of DNA igase connecting adjacent Okazaki fragments
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Define the product rule
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The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities of the individual events.
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What is a purine?
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A nucleotide that is larger with two rings
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What is a pyridmidine?
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A nucleotide that is smaller with one ring
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What is a keto form?
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Normal base pairing in DNA
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What are enol forms?
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Mutated forms that cause mismatched pairing which can lead to mutations
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What is proofreading and what can do it?
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Removes mismatched pairs and si done by pol I and pol III
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What direction is the proofreading activity?
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The 3' to 5' direction
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What does helicase do?
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Unwinds the parent DNA just before it's replicated
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What does gyrase do?
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To a topoisomerase the cuts and unwinds DNA to avoid overwound sections
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What are telomeres?
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The end of replicated DNA that become shorter as a result of replication.
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What is telemorase ?
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Is a DNA polymerase with an RNA primer. Which adds length to our DNA .
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What is the first step of telemorase adding DNA base pairs ?
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Telemorase anneals to the 3' overhang to add complimentary bases
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What is the second step of telemorase adding DNA base pairs?
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Adds base pairs to the bottom strad of the DNA to elongate it
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What is the third step of telemorase adding DNA base pairs?
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Translocation, which shifts telemorase over to add more base pairs
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What is the fourth step of telemorase adding DNA base pairs?
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Elongation, she telemorase elongates the DNA so when we go to clip the end it doesn't matter.
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Define genome
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A complete set of genetic information for an organism
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He do we understand what role genes play?
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We compare healthy genes with mutant genes.
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Tight chromatin structure mean?
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Less gene transcription
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Loose chromatin structure means?
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More gene transcription
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What is epigenetics?
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He regulation of gene regulation
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What controls epigenetics?
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Chromatin structure being tight or loose
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He doe we look for abnormalities in genes?
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Infer wild type genes and connect them to lesions in genes
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How do we find lesions or structural changes in genes?
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Using molecular tools, probes and techniques with DNA and finding the differences between wild type and mutant
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What is a southern blot?
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DNA
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What is a northern blot?
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mRNA
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What is a western blot?
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Protein
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Wat does PCR stand for?
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Polymerase chain reaction
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Define polymerase chain reaction
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PCR primers detect and amplify a specific gene region
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Define a probe
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Part of the gene used to determine the target gene from the DNA on the blot
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How can you distinguish genomic size?
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Larger genes will be close to the start point and smaller ones will be farther away
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What are the characteristics of a deletion of the base pair?
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Smaller and farther than the original gene
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What is a synonymous mutatIon?
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A base change at the DNA level that doesn't change the amino acid
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What is a missense mutation?
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When you can see the base pair mutation as a phenotype
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What is a nonsense mutation?
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When a stop codon is created instead or continuing the coding of amino acids
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What are frame shift mutations?
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Mutations due to insertions or deletions which can lead to a shift in the " reading frame"
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What are point mutations ?
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This can lead to a mis-splice or no splicing to occur
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