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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microevolution
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deviations from Hardy-Weinburg
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Macroevolution
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Formation of new species
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Anagenesis
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change in 1 lineage
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Cladogenesis
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break in the lineage
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Species
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interbreeding group of individuals who produce viable offspring
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Premating isolation
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prevent mating
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Postmating isolation
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break down after mating
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Ecological isolation
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differences in habitat: Hawthorn and apple maggot fly-larvae in same orchard
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Ethological (behavioral) isolation
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Different signals to attract mates
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Temporal isolation
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timing of reproduction (frogs call for mates in diff months)
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Mechanical isolation
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parts don't fit
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Gametic isolation
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egg and sperm can't fertilize (proteins on sperm can't contact with eggs)
(premating and prezygotic) |
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Reinforcement
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any trait tha prevented you from wasting your gametes will be selected for; increases speciation
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Reduced hybrid fertility/sterility
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donkey x horse = mule, but mule can't produce viable offspring
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Epistasis
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looking at interactions across loci
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Hybrid breakdown
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F1 has lower fitness than parents
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Allopatric
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geographic barrier to mating-accumulation of changes-leads to different species
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Sympatric
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there is migration, speciation
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Horizontal gene transfer
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bacteria-transfer across species; can swap genes and recombine-escape Muller's ratchet
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Does biological species concept work all the time?
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No, not with asexual, bacteria, etc.
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Mutationalist fallacy
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single mutation will not create new species
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Heterochrony
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relatively subtle changes in the timing of development can make major changes (ie morphology=body shape)
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Neoteny
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adult reproductive state in a juvenile body
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Parapatric
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2 locations meet at a zone of potential hybridization
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Autoploidy
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changed number of chromosomes due to self-meiosis is bad!!
"races", ie same species; komodo-autopolyploidy, parthenogenesis, no longer need mates |
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alloploidy
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changed number of chromosomes due to something outside of species; different species
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Muller's ratchet
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reproducing asexually is bad because mutations can be harmful and add up over time, getting worse and worse
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Parthanogenic
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normally sexual, now asexual
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Lottery hypothesis
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if mate with many, create many offspring, higher chance of them being viable
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2 advantages of sex
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1)escape from Muller's ratchet
2)Lottery hypothesis |
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ritualization
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change in expression of certain behaviors that is exaggerated; now serve different purpose-to secure mates; big step in evolution; could be walking, grooming, flying
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T or F: True species cannot hybridize with each other
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FALSE - liger
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Which is not an example of premating isolation
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hybrid sterility
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T or F: The biological species concept does not apply well to bacterial taxonomics
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TRUE
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Sympatric speciation
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African chichlids-ecological/behavioral divergence caused rapid speciation in a small geographic area
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Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?
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The two forms are observed to interbreed successfully where their habitats overlap.
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Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?
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behavioral isolation
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Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The likely diploid number for species C would probably be
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28
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he speciation episode described in question 6 is most likely a case of
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sympatric speciation.
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Fisher's runaway model of sexual selection
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peacocks: girl-i like your show; guy-beautiful show and genes for it; offspring will have i like your show genes and genes for guy having beautiful show; self-reinforcing, so fast! could also occur in allopatry
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