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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Porifera (spongocoel, osculum, choanocytes, hermaphrodite)
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sponges: random body structure
(early and basic, flow of water for collecting nutrients, feeding cells, male and female gametes) |
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Radiata
(gastrovascular cavity, polyps, medusa, cnidocytes, nematocycts, corals) |
Corals
(gut, canal, head of jellyfish, stinging cells) mouth=anus in jellys and corals |
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Acoelomates
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flat worms
ganglia=brain eye spots=eyes nerve cords, pharnyx |
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tapeworms
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cats shed tapeworm segments
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Pseudocoelomates: Rotifera (parthogenesis)
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don't need to mate to reproduce
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Nematoda (C. elegans)
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roundworms, rovers and sitters
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Coelomates: Mollusca
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foot (muscle), visceral mass (body muscle), mantle, radula (in mouth)
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Food: gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopodia
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snails, clams, octopus
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Annelida
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earthworms
pumping vessels= heart crop=digestion |
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Major insect groups
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Coleoptera (beetles, most specious)
Diptera (2 wings) Hemiptera Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, social structure) Isoptera (termites) Lepidotera (moth, butterflies) Odonata (dragonfly) Orthoptera |
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Incomplete Metamorphosis: hemimetabolism
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roaches
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Incomplete Metamorphosis: holometabolism
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flies
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T/F Roundworms are coelomates
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false
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Which of the following belongs to the most speciose order of insects?
house fly, ladybird beetle, moth, stink bug, dragonfly |
ladybird beetle
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yeast
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unicellular, fungus (ferments in bread, beer, wine)
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fungi
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most are unicellular
decomposers, detrivores (eat detritus) |
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exodigest
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excrete exoenzymes into environment
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lichens
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fungi, cyanobacteria, green algae
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mycelia, hyphae
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underground tissue network
hyphae= mass |
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septa
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spores (reproductive units)
under head of mushroom |
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chitin
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animal-like protein, heterotrophs
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parasitic fungi
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attack nematode
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evolution of sex
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advantages/disadvantages of having sex
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heterokaryotic stage
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unfused nuclei from 2 parents
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chytrids
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flagella, oldest, then flagella were lost (phylogenetics)
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zygomycota
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zygosporangia
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asconmycota
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sac fungi, ascocarp, food
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basidiomyeota
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club fungi, basidiocarps, food
mushrooms |
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mysorhizae
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associations of fungi with plants
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circular patterns of mushroom growth (hyphae)
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ancient stump decomposition, use as food, network out in circular pattern
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notochord
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major nerve vessel
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nerve chord
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bone
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pharyngeal slits
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present in human embryo
gills in fish |
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postanal tail
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tail, vertabrate structure
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Invertabrate Chordates: Subphylum urochordata
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tunicates (earliest chordates)
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Invertabrate Chordates: Subphylum Cephalochodata
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lancelets (somites=slits we lose), paedogensis (heterochrony)
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neural crest
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neural ganglion in vertabrates
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cephalization
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brain, in vertabrates
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Evolutionary overview
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hagfish, extince jawed fishes, sharks and rays (cartilage), bony fishes, amphibia, reptilia (terrestrial), birds, mammals
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Superclass: Agnatha
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hagfish
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Superclass: Gnathostomata
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jaws from pharyngeal slits. early jaws.
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Chondrichthyes
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sharks and rays (Cartilage), vertabrate development, spiral valve, lateral line system (orienting in H2O), oviparous/ ovoviviparous, cloaca (anus)
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oviparous/ ovoviviparous
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get "pregnant," i.e. who is going to harbor offspring.
male seahorse |
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operculum
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oxygen exchange (Class Osteichthyes)
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swim bladder
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orientation in the water (Class Osteichthyes)
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ray-/lobe-finned/coelocanth
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earlier ancestors of terrestrial organisms (Class Osteichthyes)
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Superclass Gnathostomata
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tetrapods, 4 legs
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reproductive cycles
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xeric environment
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urodeles (salamanders)
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wet moisture for development, xeric
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anurans (frogs, toads, the difference)
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frogs are xeric
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extra embryonic membranes
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chodion -> shell -> yolk -> nutrient
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allantosis
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toilet: removal of waste
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chelonia (turtles vs. tortoises)
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turtles in water, tortoises xeric environment
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squamata (lizards and snakes)
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lizards: parthogensis (females reproducing themselves) = extinction tragectory b/c Muller's ratchet
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Aves (birds, adaptations for flight)
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light
aerodynamics (bats, flies, squirrels, analogy) |
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Archaeopteryx (reptile -> bird reptilian)
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toother beak, feathers (bird), wing claw (reptilian), long tail (reptiles)
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Mammals
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placenta (nutrients to fetus)
mammary glands (milk) hair |
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Therapsids
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ancestor
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monotremes (platypus)
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lays eggs. mammal
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marsupials
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kangaroos
don't lay eggs, but don't have full placental development |
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placental mammals
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evo-devo, parental care, monogomy (both parents nurture)
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the vertebrates?
pharyngeal slits postanal tail pseudocoelomate body structure A and B all of the above |
A and B
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T/F Sharks and rays are bony fish
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false
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Which taxon is better addapted to xeric environments?
Toad/Frog Tortoise/Turtle Salamander/Lizard |
Toad
Tortoise Lizard |
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ontogeny repudiates phylogeny
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development reflects evolutionary history
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tunicates
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earliest chordates
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coelocanth
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lobe-finned fish
terrestrial being almost extinct |
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parental care
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terrestrial (1 partner, F)
marine (1 partner, M) |
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xeric
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dry
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amphibians vs reptiles
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amphibians need water, reptiles are xeric
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placental mammals
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evo-devo, parental care, monogomy (both parents nurture)
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the vertebrates?
pharyngeal slits postanal tail pseudocoelomate body structure A and B all of the above |
A and B
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T/F Sharks and rays are bony fish
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false
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Which taxon is better addapted to xeric environments?
Toad/Frog Tortoise/Turtle Salamander/Lizard |
Toad
Tortoise Lizard |
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ontogeny repudiates phylogeny
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development reflects evolutionary history
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tunicates
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earliest chordates
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coelocanth
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lobe-finned fish
terrestrial being almost extinct |
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parental care
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terrestrial (1 partner, F)
marine (1 partner, M) |
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xeric
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dry
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amphibians vs reptiles
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amphibians need water, reptiles are xeric
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egg
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structure
resistance to dessication nutrient absorption |
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poihilotherm vs. homotherm
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poihilotherm=cold blooded
homotherm=warm blooded |
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mitochondrial "eve"
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DNA, cellular structure
female inheritance |
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physical laws and animal form
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oxygen exchange. lungs. diaphram controls
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internal exchange
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more nutrients around lungs
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epithelial tissue
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skin, ectoderm, nervous system
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glandular epithelia
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secretory
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mucous membrane
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moisture
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simplified epithelium
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single layer
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stratified epithelium (3 types)
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multiple layer
Cuboidal=cubes Columnar=columns Squamous=squished |
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Connective Tissue (3 types)
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muscle, mesoderm
Collangenous fibers=collagen Elastic fibers=resiliance Reticular fibers=structure |
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Fibroblasts
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secretory cells
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macrophages
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immune system
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muscle tissue
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connective tissue
smooth or striated |
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nervous tissue
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transmits sensory information
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digestive system (4 layers)
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for nutrient absorpotion
1=Mucosa 2=Submucosa 3=Muscularis 4=Serosa |
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Circulatory
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moves blood
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repiratory
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moves oxygen
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immune and lymphatic
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kills enemy organisms
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gut: villi
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invagination, increased absorption, cell turnover very fast, increased cancer rate b/c of this
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excretory
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poop. pee.
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endocrine
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hormones (menopause)
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reproductive
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gonads shutting down
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nervous
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nerves -> translation information from inside and outside
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skeletal
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bone
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muscular
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holds the bone together
involuntary: gut, smooth voluntary: striated |
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metabolic rate
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always burning energy, don't go anorexic
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energy budgets
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behavioral ecology, optimize energy spent for energy needed
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homeostasis
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control: even level of energy expended and received
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regulator/conformer
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regulator: warm blooded, regulate body temp and metabolism
conformer: dependent upon the environment |
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thermoregulation
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menopause, pituitary gland
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endotherms/ectotherms
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ecto=insects, lizards
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modes of heat exchange
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radiation (butterflies)
evaporation (sweat) convection, conduction (contact) |
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vasodialation/vasoconsiction
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vasodialation (increase)
vasoconsiction (decrease) veins |
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torpor/hibernation
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short versus long term
shut down metabolic processes |
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T/F Nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm
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true
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what is an endotherm?
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warm blooded animal
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explain what is "Lamarkian" about heat-shock proteins
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when animals in heath shock, these proteins can mutate a beneficial alelle
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herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
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plants, animals, both
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suspension feeders
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eat whats there
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fluid feeders
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filtering
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bulk feeders
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snake (big stuff)
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glucose regulation
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diabetes
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undernourishment/overnourishment
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metabolic rates. northern climates: store date
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obesity
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fight obesity!
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essential amino acids/nutrients
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tryptophan, methione, ualine, theronine, phenalalaine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine
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Fatty acids
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omega-3, solution
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Vitamins
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fat-soluble: A, D, E, K, can overdose on these
water-soluble: C (scurvy) |
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paristalis
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natural motion of smooth muscle, pushing food through
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sphincters
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valves caught in the gut, cardiac, pyloric
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salivary glands
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start digesting food
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pancreas
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endocrine function
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liver
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purifying blood
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gallbladder
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breaking up fats
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oral cavity
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bile, breaks up fats
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bolus
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chunk of food
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pharynx
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part of esphageal cavity
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epiglottis
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keeps food from going down trachea into lungs
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esophagus
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food should go here
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stomach
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start processing food by gastric juices
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pepsin
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breaks up proteins
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cardic/pyloric sphinter
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top/bottom
keeps food in stomach, pyloric controls flow of food into intestine |
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small intestine
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absorption of nutrients, smaller components of food
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large intestine
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mostly takes out water
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duodenum
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off small intestine
villi=up surface area table 41.17 |
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cecum
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harbors bacteria for digesting cellulose (harder to process)
much larger in herbivores |
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periodontal diseases
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systemic problems in rest of body
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teeth and diet
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carnivores: incisors (cut meat), canines
herbivore: molars (for grinding) omnivore: mixture |
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you can tell by the eyes
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forward: carnivore, omnivore
side: herbivore |
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cows
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ruminant digestion. strict herbivores. complex digestion
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