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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intertidal Zone
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Interface between land and sea - coastlines with
Distinct zonation of the tidal area Caused by the 3 tidal cycles, Extreme fluctuations in temperature, salinity, oxygen availability |
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salt wedge
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saltwater underneath and freshwater above
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Swamps
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Temporary to permanent inundation
trees |
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Marshes
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Permanent inundation
no tress – grasses reeds |
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Bogs
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Fed by ground water
stagnant and acidic |
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Fens
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Fed by groundwater
neutral to alkaline water |
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Lentic
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A nonflowing or standing body of fresh water, such as a lake or pond.
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Iotic
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A flowing body of fresh water, such as a river or stream.
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estuary
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The thin zone along a coastline where freshwater systems and rivers meet and mix with a salty ocean (such as a bay, mouth of a river, salt marsh, lagoon).
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thermocline
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An abrupt temperature gradient in a body of water such as a lake, marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures
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seasonal turnover
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the mixing of lake waters due to the change in temperature with the seasons.
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how to change population growth?
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decrease birth rate (r) and increase generation time (alpha)
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what is generation time (alpha)?
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the age of first reproduction
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commensalism
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one species has a positive effect the other species has a neutral effect
ex: cattle-egret |
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amensalism
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no effect on one species but a negative effect on another.
ex: animals and grass |
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mutualsim
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both species benefit for each others actions.
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interference competition
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two species physically fight for the same resource – e.g basking sites with turtles
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Exploitation Competition
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Two species use the same resource and thus decrease the availability for the other species
ex: hawks and owls |
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Competitive Exclusion Principle or Gause’s Law of Competitive Exclusion
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if you have two organisms competing for the same resources, one of those species will go extinct.
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Ecological Niches
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sum of the biotic and abiotic environment an organism uses
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fundamental niche
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set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using
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realized niche
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the actual resources used by a population
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resource partitioning one
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selection has altered the phenotype of two species so the niche overlap is reduced and they can coexist
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character displacement
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the divergence in morphology between 2 species in areas of sympatric relative to areas of allopatry as a result of competition
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Resource Partitioning 2
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realized niches differ slightly so species can coexist
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competitive release
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an experiment to determine the growth rate of the two species living with each other to find niches
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True predation
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predator kills prey and eats it
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herbivory
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grazing by animals on plants
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parasitism
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parasite lives on or in the host, but rarely kills the host
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parasitoids
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insects that lay their eggs in a host and the larvae feed on and kill the host
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sit and wait predators
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have camoflauge,patiently wait for prey to cross their path
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active predators
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actively pursue prey
- fast and agile ex: dogs |
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Plant defenses
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thorns and anatomical structures that discourage herbivory
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secondary compounds
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toxins that deter predators
- byproducts of biochemical pathways - strychnine, opium - may not deter all predators |
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Abiotic environment
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Abiotic environment
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Biotic environment
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the living component of the environment
competitors, predators, parasites any organisms that affects an other organism |
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Organismal Ecology
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understanding behavioral, physiological, and morphological solutions to environmental challenge
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Population Ecology
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understanding factors that regulate population growth, size, and composition
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Community Ecology
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studying assemblages of different species within a particular area
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Ecosystem Ecology
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studying both abiotic and community level processes within a certain area
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Conservation Biology
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the restoration and preservation of threatened populations, communities and ecosystems
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Naturalists
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use observation as a technique to describe natural phenomena
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Experimentalists
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use the hypothetico-deductive process and manipulate aspects of the environment
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Mathematical Modelers
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use computer simulations to determine the outcome of environmental perturbations
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what is ecology?
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Ecology is the study of the current processes that result in the evolutionary change over long periods of time.
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Maritime or Mediterranean climates
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Climate influenced by the oceans, their currents and winds
Mild climate in northern Europe |
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Continental climates
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Climates are more variable and greater extremes inland away from water
Cooler climates in SE Ohio relative to CB in fall, warmer in Ohio in Spring |
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Daily
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a result of the earth's rotation on its axis causing semidiurnal (2 per day) tidal cycles
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Monthly
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variation in the tides due to the position of the moon and the sun relative to the earth
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Annually
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variation in the tides due to the distance of the earth from the sun because of earth's elliptical orbit around the sun
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Climate diagram
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Climate is a major factor determining biome type
Temperature Precipitation Seasonality |
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thermocline
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thermal stratification
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Upwellings
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nutrients to photic zone
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Neritic Zone
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Shallow Marine Waters
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Intertidal zone
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Interface between land and sea - coastlines
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Swamps
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Temporary to permanent inundation
trees |
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Marshes
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Permanent inundation
no tress – grasses reeds |
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Bogs
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Fed by ground water
stagnant and acidic |
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Fens
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Fed by groundwater
neutral to alkaline water |
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lotic
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gradients along three dimensions
length, width, depth |
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Lentic waters
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20% of world freshwater H20
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salt wedge
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saltwater underneath and freshwater above
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Hybridization
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female choice usually associated with male behavior – mallard mating behavior
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Artificial Selection
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select for traits that follow Mendelian Ratios
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Pheromones
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effective for long time and great distance
Territory, reproductive status |
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diurnal
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active during the day
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nocturnal
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active at night
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crepuscular
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active at dawn and dusk
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Entrainment
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resetting the biological clock
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