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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomy
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The study of the physical structure of organisms.
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adaptations
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Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment.
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trade-off
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In evolutionary biology, an inescapable compromise between two traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously.
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acclimatization
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Gradual physiological adjustment of an organism to new environmental conditions that occur naturally or as part of a laboratory experiment
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loose connective tissue
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A type of connective tissue consisting of fibrous proteins in a soft matrix. Often functions as padding for organs.
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multicellular
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The state of being composed of many cells that adhere to each other and do not all express the same genes with the result that some cells have specialized functions.
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tissue
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A group of similar cells that function as a unit.
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connective tissue
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An animal tissue consisting of scattered cells in a liquid, jellylike, or solid extracellular matrix. Includes bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood.
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metabolic water
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The water that is produced as a by-product of cellular respiration.
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physiology
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The study of how an organism's body functions.
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cartilage
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A type of vertebrate connective tissue that consists of relatively few cells scattered in a stiff matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers.
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bone
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A type of vertebrate connective tissue consisting of living cells and blood vessels within a hard extracellular matrix composed of calcium phosphate and small amounts of calcium carbonate and protein fibers.
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blood
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A type of connective tissue consisting of red blood cells and leukocytes suspended in a fluid portion called plasma.
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nervous tissue
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An animal tissue consisting of nerve cells (neurons) and various supporting cells.
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neurons
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A cell that is specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses. Typically has dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon that forms synapses with other neurons.
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muscle tissue
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An animal tissue consisting of bundles of long, think contractile cells.
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skeletal muscle
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The muscle tissue attached to the bones of the vertebrate skeleton. Consists of long, unbranched muscle fibers with a characteristic striated appearance; controlled voluntarily.
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muscle fibers
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a single muscle cell
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cardiac muscle
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The muscle tissue of the vertebrate heart. Consists of long branched fibers that are electrically connected and that initiate their own contractions; not under voluntary control.
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smooth muscle
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The unstriated muscle tissue that lines the intestine, blood vessels, and some other organs. Consists of tapered, unbranched cells that can sustain long contractions. Not voluntarily controlled.
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epithelial tissues
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An animal tissue consisting of sheet-like layers of tightly packed cells that lines an organ, duct, or a body surface.
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organ
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A group of tissues organized into a functional and structural unit.
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gland
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An organ whose primary function is to secrete some substance, either into the blood (endocrine gland) or into some other space such as the gut or the skin.
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apical
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Toward the top. In plants, at the tip of a branch. In animals, on the side of an epithelial layer that faces the environment and not other body tissues.
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basolateral
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Toward the bottom and the sides. In animals, the side of an epithelial layer that faces other body tissues and not the environment.
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lumen
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The interior space of any hollow structure or organ
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system
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A more complex organization resulting from the combination of various components, such as a group of organs that work together to perform a physiological function.
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metabolic rate
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The total energy use by all the cells of an individual. For aerobic organisms, often measured as the amount of oxygen consumed per hour.
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