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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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do organisms have regeneration cells their entire life?
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yes, an individual has a supply of undifferentiated cells throught its entire life
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what are undifferentiated cells in plants called?
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meristems
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what are undifferentiated cells in animals called?
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stem cells
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do plant cells have cell movement?
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no, because of their rigid cell walls they are unable to
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do animal cells have cell movement?
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yes , it is a vital part of development
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gastrulation
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cells in different parts of the mass rearrange themselves into three distinctive layers( skin , gut , body parts)
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germ cells
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sperm or egg
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differentiation
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the process of becoming a specialized type of cell
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what cells are capable of "de-differentiating?"
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plants cells can. ex a branch turning into a root
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how does the differentiation of a cell occur?
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through differential gene expression
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what does genetically equivalent mean?
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containing the same genes
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are plant cells genetically equivalent?
why or why not? |
yes, each cell contains the same genes throughout the individual, but only expresses certain ones in certain structures
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are animal cells equivalent?
why or why not? |
yes,because they contain the same genes but express them differently
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what is transcription?
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the understanding of directions of mrnas
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what level of control is the most important for gene expression?
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transcriptional control because it gives directions to that structure
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what controls transcription?
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regulatory transcription factors
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differentiation occurs because?
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individuals express different subsets of genes and not because they contain different genes
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do all cells have the same transcription factors?
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no, different types of cells have different transcriptional factors
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what are master regulators?
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signals found in animal development that determine the broad location of cells along the three axes
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the bicoid gradient is from what to what axis?
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anterior to posterior
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what is a hormone?
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a signaling molecule that travels through the body to act on distant target cells
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what is auxin?
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a hormone that triggers transcription factors in plants that differentiate the cell
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what is the concentration gradient of auxin?
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anterior to posterior
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define morphogens.
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molecules that give spatial information to cells via a concentration gradient
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what are gap genes?
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genes that define a general position of the head , thorax and abdominal region
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what are pair-rule genes?
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genes that define the edges of individual segments
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what are segment polarity genes?
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genes that define the boundaries within individuals segments
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define homeotic genes.
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genes that define segments structural roles appropriate to that segment
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what are hox genes?
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genes that define what gets placed where on the body
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what is homeosis?
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the replacement of one structure with another when cells get incorrect information about where they are in the body
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evolutionary development can be explained by?
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a gradual change in gene expression over time
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