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343 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hunting and gathering is a group of _____ human groups, it has an _______ view of the environment, and a ______ impact on the environment.
|
mobile, adversarial, negligable
|
|
when did we become culture dependent?
|
6500 B.C.
|
|
the agricultural revolution is arguably one of the:
|
most important events in human history
|
|
the agricultural revolution allowed:
|
human groups to stay in one place
ex: Cities |
|
the agricultural revolution made it so that obtaining food: and allowed specialization of _______. example: _______.
|
required less time investment,
occupation, culture |
|
the first significant impacts on the environment from the agricultural revolution included (2):
|
-land cleared and cultivated
-wilderness reduced |
|
the agricultural revolution changed what perspective?
|
new perspective: nature works for us.
|
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who were involved in the conservation movement and when did it take place?
|
Theodore Roosevelt / John Muir
-late 1800’s |
|
when were we culture dependent?
|
~1800 A.D.
|
|
During the industrial revolution, ______ were consumed. in greater ______ and greater _______.
|
resources, variety, amounts
|
|
what was the new perpective that was created during the industrial revolution?
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We exist apart from the natural environment
|
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during the industrial revolution, the first:
|
major waste products were generated
|
|
early environmental movement in the U.S. started in early:
|
1960’s, peaked in 1970’s
|
|
the early environment movement involving Rachel Carlson was called ______ ______ and occured in ____. this focused on _______ _________.
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Silent Spring, 1962, pesticide pollution
|
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early environmental movement legislation included (3; name and date):
|
EPA created (1970)
Clean Air Act (1970) Clean Water Act (1972) |
|
impacts of early environmental movement (4):
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-Some species saved from extinction
-Water pollution reduced -Limit consumption of fish caught in Great Lakes -Air emissions reduced |
|
the early environmental movement focused on ______ as opposed to _______ problems. it was ______ vs ______.
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fixing, preventing, reactive, proactive.
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the early environmental movement was less ________ and MUCH more ______. the _______ were still off-- ________ costs.
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successful, costly, economics, externalized.
|
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the early environmental solutions did not reflect the _____ of the problem.
|
scope
|
|
what is superfund?
|
A program designed to clean:
-Leaking underground chemical storage tanks. -Abandoned hazardous waste sites |
|
Superfund focused on what hazardous waste sites (5)?
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-hazardous waste dumps
-landfills -contaminated factories, mines, and mills |
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what and when was superfund created? and when was it amended?
|
CERCLA (1980)
amendments (1986, 1990) |
|
superfund costed _____ and was funded by:
|
$16.3 billion dollars,
state and federal governments (taxes) |
|
what fines were involved with superfund?
|
Fines (from parties responsible)
up to 3x the cleanup cost |
|
why did the kalamazoo river superfund exist?
|
because Historically, Michigan
is a log producer and Kalamazoo has pulp and paper manufacturing. and the paper manufacturing is water-intensive and polluting. -polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) |
|
what's wrong with superfund?
|
-COST!!!
-determine pollutants -clean up pollutants -determine pollutants are cleaned up |
|
what's wrong with superfund regarding litigation? and what % of superfund cost has been legal fees?
|
companies don’t want to pay this cost
~ 60% of superfund cost has been legal fees |
|
superfund has ______ cleanups;
_______ off area, ________ of pollution. and it attempts to _______, rather than _______, pollution. |
inadaquate, sealing, transfer, correct, prevent.
|
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what happened with the kalamazoo superfund cleanup?
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-Dredge river
-Tons of polluted sediment into hazardous waste landfill |
|
the human species is very _____ in geologic times, but has changed the ____ very ______
|
young, earth, quickly
|
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the industrial revolution caused us to lose _______ with our natural environment.
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connection
|
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the traditional perspective of the environment says that the World’s _____, _____, ______ exist to ______ humans.
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plants, animals, minerals, benefit
|
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the traditional perspective of the environment says that we exist _____ from the natural world and that world resources are ______
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apart, infinite
|
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the traditional perspective of the environment causes ________ of the proper course of action and that there is no limit to _____ _______ ______.
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exploitation, human carrying capacity.
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the traditional perspective of the environment is causing (5):
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-Dwindling supplies of natural resources
-Unchecked population growth -Global atmospheric changes -Failing natural systems -Mass extinction? |
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human population growth is _______ and not _______.
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exponential, sustainable.
|
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how much does each status of people use human resources (rich, middle, poor)?
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richest 20% consumes 76.6%
middle 60% consumes 21% poorest 20% consumes 1.5% |
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atmospheric C02 is _____ and expected to:
|
rising, double from today’s levels in next 50-100 years
|
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other __________ _____ besides CO2 are also increasing.
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greenhouse
|
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altered biochemical cycles include increased ______ fixation; from ______ and ______.
|
nitrogen, fertilizers, legumes.
|
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altered biochemical cycles also include _____ _____.
-doubled __ inputs from___. this has caused (3): |
Fossil Fuels, N, N2
-Global Warming (N2O) -Acid Rain/Smog (NO) -Eutrophication --Hypoxia/Anoxia |
|
persistent organic compounds do what? some include:
|
industry/agriculture create these compounds that resist environmental breakdown, so detritivores and decomposers can't do their job properly.
Aldrin Chlordane DDT Endrin PCBs |
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persistent organic pollutants cause _______ and _______.
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bioaccumulation, biomagnification
|
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what are the known effects of POPs (persistant organic pollutants) with humans?
|
Accute toxicity
-Lethal dose (rats, etc.) Chronic toxicity Carcinogens Liver function Diabetes Endocrine disruption |
|
what are the known effects of POPs(persistent organic pollutants) with wildlife?
|
-Accute toxicity
-Egg shell thinning -Much is still unknown |
|
POPs and tough decisions:
|
Malaria is a parasite that kills 650 million humans annually
-Parasite transmitted by mosquito -DDT is a cheap and effective insecticide |
|
changes in land use/cover causes(3):
|
-Habitat destruction and fragmentation
-Metapopulation -Increases “edge” |
|
metapopulation:
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a group of populations of the same species. this can affect migration and gene flow
|
|
harvesting natural populations involves:
|
RenewABLE resources
e.g. fishing and hunting |
|
what is the logistic growth involving maximizing sustainable harvest (3)?
|
-Population grows most rapidly when at ½K
-(births – deaths) greatest at ½K -Net recruitment = births – deaths |
|
when maximizing sustainable harvest, it is believed that ______ _____ ______ does not affect _______ _____.
|
harvesting net recruitment, population size
|
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(regarding maximizing sustainable harvest) Maximum sustained yield (MSY) is:
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the largest harvest that can be removed regularly and indefinitely
|
|
when harvesting natural populations, "the tragedy of the commons" refers to:
|
-Overexploitation of a resource shared by many parties
-Players act on individual motivations |
|
regarding harvesting natural populations, what does it mean when players act on individual motivation(3)? and what is an example of this?
|
-Individuals take as much resource as possible
-benefits go to individual -costs born by group Example: open ocean fisheries |
|
invasive species:
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A non-native species that spreads and “invades” native niches
|
|
with biological invasions, competition leads to _____ _______/ _______ ______.
|
niche restriction, competitive exclusion
|
|
2 example of biological invasions
|
-native range of emerald ash borer in asia
-garlic mustard |
|
examples of locally important invasives (5):
|
asian carp, zebra mussel, soybean aphid, sea lamprey, garlic mustard.
|
|
steps of the greenhouse effect (6):
|
solar energy-->absorbed as heat by earth -->heat radiated away from the earth -->moist heat absorbed by stratospheric co2 and re-radiated back to earth -->only some of heat radiated from earth escapes to space--> build up of co2 in stratosphere
|
|
atmospheric layers: earth, _______, ________.
|
troposphere, stratosphere
|
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Science never _____ a hypothesis correct
|
proves
|
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Climate change can’t be studied with _______ experiments
|
manipulative
|
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Global warming inspires ______ ______.
|
political debate
|
|
consensus about climate change exists among scientists. what are the 2 agreements?
|
-The earth is warming
-Humans contribute to climate change |
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says:
|
“the evidence for anthropogenic [human-caused] climate change is unequivocal”
|
|
predicted effects of global warming (5):
|
-Rising sea levels
-Changes in precipitation patterns -Decrease in crop yields -Increase in extreme weather -Mass extinction |
|
the history of biodiversity:
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Life dominated by bacteria and algae (single-celled organisms) for ~ 3 billion years
|
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Current biodiversity on a geologic scale: historic ____
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high
|
|
current biodiversity on a year scale: Massive species ____.
1 species goes extinct every __ minutes |
loss, 20
|
|
current biodiversity on a year scale: ____ of all living birds and mammals will be gone in ___-___ years
|
half, 200-300
|
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current biodiversity on a year scale: Tropical rain forests losing __-__% of species per _____.
|
1-8, decade
|
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mass extinction:
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period defined by high extinction rates of species and groups of species
|
|
how many mass extinctions have we had to date?
|
5
|
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the 6th mass extinction:
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we are arguably on the verge of another. -first caused by a living species
|
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Human civilization requires _______ services provided by _______ ______systems
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ecosystem, functioning natural
|
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some example of ecosystem services provided by functioning natural systems for human civilization includes (4):
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healthy soils
fisheries fresh drinking water carbon sequestration |
|
Western civilization runs on fossil fuels. some include:
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heating/cooling, transportation, lighting, food production, industrial production
|
|
examples of fossil fuels (3):
|
Oil
Coal Natural gas |
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fossil fuels contribute to ______ _____.
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climate change
|
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fossil fuels are nonrenewable, and there is no: and what is the best solution?
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sustainable way to use a non-renewable resource.
Best solution: stepping stone |
|
Hubbert's peak oil was developed to do what?
|
-Developed to predict output of an individual well or field
|
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When was Hubbert's peak oil used to predict U.S. peak oil in 1970?
|
1956
|
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We are _____ or have recently ______ global peak oil
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close, passed
|
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The effects of declining fossil fuel availability will depend on availability of alternative energy sources. what are some alternative energy sources (6)?
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solar energy, wind energy, biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, tidal energy.
|
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extractive uses of freshwater:
|
Water for drinking, industry, and irrigation of agricultural land
|
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nonextractive uses of freshwater:
|
Production of fish, waterfowl, and shellfish
Flood control Transportation Recreation Waste processing Hydroelectric power Habitat for aquatic plants and animals |
|
Freshwater lakes, rivers, wetlands:__% of total global freshwater reserves
|
0.3
|
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Great Lakes: __% of total water in lakes, rivers, wetlands
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20
|
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for food production, Western civilization depends on ______ _____ and ______.
|
industrial farms, feedlots
|
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agriculturalists ______ "useable" lands; lands that are not tundra, boreal, or rock. globally, ~___% of useable land is already in agricultural use.
|
monopolize, 50
|
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Globally ~ ___% of useable land already in agricultural use
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50
|
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~ __% of earth's land surface is in ______ use or _______ ________.
|
37, pastoral, intensive agriculture
|
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about __% of lumber is being used
|
11
|
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Industrial farm production much more ______ over the past __ years. thanks to the ______ _________
|
efficient, 50, green revolution
|
|
during the green revolution, Human population ______ between ____ and _____
|
doubled, 1950, 2000
|
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during the green revolution, _fold increase in _____ production worldwide
|
3, grain
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during the green revolution, there was a Slight increase in ______ of land in farming.
~ __% between 1960 and 2000 |
proportion, 10
|
|
the green revolution was achieved by Increased use of _ and _ fertilizers and
Increased ________ |
N, P, irrigation
|
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the green revolution was achieved by increased use of _______
|
pesticides
|
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the green revolution was achieved by Availability of new “_____” varieties of _____ and rice, and improved ____ hybrids
|
miracle, wheat, corn
|
|
the green revolution was achieved by increased _______ density. this involves growing more than _ crop/year on same piece of land.
|
cropping, 1
|
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the green revolution Has not kept up with population ______.
Primarily due to shift to ____-based diet |
growth, meat
|
|
By 2050 global human population expected to be __% larger than at present (~ _ billion)
|
50, 9
|
|
by 2050 Global demand for grain expected to increase by ___%.
|
100
|
|
food production in the next 50 years has a Continued shift toward higher proportion of ____. this could be
Consequence of higher ______. |
meat, incomes,
|
|
the green revolution came with environmental costs including synthetic ______ and synthetic _______.
|
fertilizers, pesticides.
|
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the green revolution came with environmental costs unsustainable use of ______ and _________ for irrigation, and ______ destruction.
|
surface, groundwater, habitat.
|
|
the green revolution came with environmental costs including being Heavily dependent on ______ _____.
|
fossil fuels
|
|
example of synthetic fertilizers:
|
ocean dead zones
|
|
example of synthetic pesticides:
|
insectocides, herbicides, fungicides, POPs.
|
|
pesticide genetic resistance is an example of _________ in action.
|
microevolution
|
|
pesticide genetic resistance can be created by ______
|
mutation
|
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if agriculture falls behind, ______ increases and _____ increase. which will lead to political pressure to stop food ______.
|
demand, prices, exports
|
|
land acquisition agreements:
|
Anticipating agriculture falling behind, some countries have purchased the rights to farm land in other (poor) countries from their governments
|
|
environmental stresses can cause state to fail. provide 2 examples of how the state can fail.
|
-can’t feed its people
-can’t protect people from flooding, etc. |
|
a failing state can increase environmental stresses. provide 2 examples of environmnental stresses.
|
-State can’t protect its natural resources
-environment exploited for human survival |
|
New environmental perspective:
|
-Resources NOT infinite
-Business as usual NOT sustainable -Humans and nature linked in global systems -Civilization must change in order to survive |
|
sustainable:
|
An activity that can be continued indefinitely without depleting material or energy resources
|
|
Sustainable development doesn’t deplete resources
|
deplete
|
|
how do we decrease environmental stresses (5)?
|
-Reduce CO2 emissions
-Stabilize size of global human population -Reduce poverty and stabilize states -Restore natural systems -Rethink Western lifestyle |
|
demography:
|
the study of the distribution, density, and vital statistics (e.g., birth and death rates) of human populations
|
|
fertility:
|
pregnancy or the capacity to become pregnant or to have children
|
|
total fertility rate (TFR):
|
average number of children born to each woman during her lifetime
|
|
infant mortality rate:
|
annual number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 births
|
|
there's about ___ billion people on the earth today.
|
6.8
|
|
exponential growth equation
|
∆N = (b – d)N = rN
r is the percapita rate of population growth. rate of population growth dependns on how many individuals are already in the population (N), multiplied by how quickly they reproduce (r) |
|
From 1000 to 1750: growth rate __%
|
0.1%
|
|
reasons for slower population growth:
|
-No basic knowledge of sanitation and health
-High mortality rates, especially infants and children -Only half of newborns survived to age 5 |
|
reasons for slower population growth: Recurring ______, disease epidemics, and ____ kept growth rate low despite high ____ rate
|
famines, wars, birth
|
|
After 1750, population increased because _ AND _ increased!
|
N, r,
|
|
In exponential growth, population takes off because of increasing _
|
N
|
|
populations can grow exponentially when _______ new habitat. ex: ________ ________
|
colonizing, european colonialism
|
|
populations can grow exponentially when a major ____ has been removed, such as modern ______ and medicine
|
stress, hygiene
|
|
populations can grow exponentially during _______ imbalance. example:
|
ecosystem, dependence on fossil fuels.
|
|
populations can grow exponentially when resources are _______. an example of this would be:
|
abundant. industrial revolution and fossil fuel consumption
|
|
The human population has increased exponentially since _____
|
1800
|
|
Growth rate =
|
birth rate – death rate
|
|
r =
|
births per 1000 individuals – deaths per 1000 individuals
|
|
r is usuall expressed as a _____
|
percent
|
|
Doubling time:
|
the number of years it takes a population to double
|
|
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
|
country
|
|
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
|
country
|
|
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
|
1960, 2.1
|
|
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
|
1960, 2.1
|
|
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
|
country
|
|
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
|
2002, 1.5
|
|
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
|
1960, 2.1
|
|
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
|
2002, 1.5
|
|
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
|
2002, 1.5
|
|
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
|
2070
|
|
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
|
2070
|
|
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
|
country
|
|
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
|
decrease
|
|
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
|
decrease
|
|
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
|
2070
|
|
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
|
greater efficiency, renewable energy
|
|
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
|
decrease
|
|
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
|
greater efficiency, renewable energy
|
|
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
|
decreased
|
|
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
|
decreased
|
|
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
|
greater efficiency, renewable energy
|
|
temporary increases in human K (2):
|
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources |
|
temporary increases in human K (2):
|
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources |
|
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
|
decreased
|
|
temporary increases in human K (2):
|
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources |
|
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
|
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion Collapse of fisheries |
|
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
|
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion Collapse of fisheries |
|
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
|
1960, 2.1
|
|
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
|
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion Collapse of fisheries |
|
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
|
2002, 1.5
|
|
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
|
2070
|
|
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
|
decrease
|
|
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
|
greater efficiency, renewable energy
|
|
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
|
country
|
|
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
|
decreased
|
|
temporary increases in human K (2):
|
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources |
|
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
|
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion Collapse of fisheries |
|
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
|
1960, 2.1
|
|
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
|
2002, 1.5
|
|
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
|
2070
|
|
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
|
decrease
|
|
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
|
greater efficiency, renewable energy
|
|
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
|
decreased
|
|
temporary increases in human K (2):
|
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources |
|
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
|
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion Collapse of fisheries |
|
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
|
country
|
|
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
|
1960, 2.1
|
|
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
|
2002, 1.5
|
|
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
|
2070
|
|
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
|
decrease
|
|
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
|
greater efficiency, renewable energy
|
|
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
|
decreased
|
|
temporary increases in human K (2):
|
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources |
|
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
|
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion Collapse of fisheries |
|
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
|
country
|
|
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
|
1960, 2.1
|
|
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
|
2002, 1.5
|
|
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
|
2070
|
|
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
|
decrease
|
|
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
|
greater efficiency, renewable energy
|
|
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
|
decreased
|
|
temporary increases in human K (2):
|
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources |
|
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
|
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion Collapse of fisheries |
|
the two possibilities for reaching human K are:
|
gradually reaching global k
overshooting global k |
|
_________, acquifier _______, and _____ _____ will all inflate global K
|
overfishing, overpumping, fossil fuels
|
|
humans need _4 liters of water /day to drink and
____ liters/day to eat. this is _______. |
4, 2000, unsustainable
|
|
underground water is:
|
locked away from the water cycle
|
|
(fossil water dependence) Analogous to fossil fuels
|
no recharge
nonrenewable |
|
aquifer depletion causes a decrease in discharge, which means major _____ in _____ waters.
|
changes, surface
|
|
aquifer depletion causes a decrease in discharge, which causes consequences for _____ and natural world
|
humans
|
|
aquifer depletion is especially occuring in:
|
saudi arabia, yemen, china, texas, oklahoma, kansas, pakastan
|
|
challenge: to stabilize global population.
demographics- to change, we must ______. |
understand
|
|
challenge: to stabilize global population. Solutions are country-specific. 3 solutions include:
|
-shorten demographic transition
-educate women -greater access to family planning |
|
2 global consequences of human population:
|
Climate change
Loss of biodiversity |
|
national consequence of human population:
|
Degradation of natural systems and resources
|
|
personal solution for controlling human population growth:
|
Individuals must choose to have fewer children
|
|
global human population characteristics (3):
|
SOME humans globally mobile
Economy/Resources global Limits to K can be global |
|
human population by country characteristics (3):
|
-Some humans NOT globally mobile
-A country contains limited resources with which to purchase/produce global products -Limits to K can be limited locally |
|
3 most populated countries:
|
china, india, united states
|
|
population growth and density varies ________.
|
geographically
|
|
population growth is largely in _____
|
LDCs
|
|
What has driven rapid growth of past 200 years?
What is causing reductions in growth rate observed in many countries? |
Both accounted for by demographic transitions.
Four demographic stages through which population progresses as its society becomes industrialized |
|
demographic transition is country-specific, which means:
|
Depends on stage of economic development
|
|
From 1000 to 1750: global population growth rate= __&
|
0.1
|
|
population Growth rate increased in ____ countries around 1750
|
some
|
|
preindustrial:
|
high birth and death rates; relatively stable population size. High infant mortality; high death rate from famines and disease.
|
|
transitional:
|
death rate declines while birth rate remains high; rapid population growth. associated with beginning of industrial society
|
|
industrial:
|
decline in birth rates; reduced rate of population growth. Occurs at some point during industrialization process
|
|
post-industrial:
|
low birth and death rates; stable or declining population size. from: Improved education,
Greater affluence, Voluntary limitation of family size |
|
4 stages of demographic transition:
|
1) pre-industrial stage 2)transitional stage 3) industrial stage 4) post-industrial stage
|
|
Demographic transition in current ___s occurred slowly
|
MDCs
|
|
Death rates declined slowly over 2 centuries due to (4):
|
Reduced variability in food supply
Better housing Improved sanitation Progress in preventive and curative medicine |
|
Demographic transitions in LDCs occurring more _____.
example: |
rapidly, mauritius
|
|
Death rate declined rapidly in Mauritius after WW II because (2):
|
-Eradication of malaria
-Introduction of European medical technology |
|
Rapid death rate _____ results in LDCs growing _ times faster than MDCs at similar point in demographic transition
|
decline, 3
|
|
factors influencing growth rate (4):
|
If no migration, major factors are birth rate (fertility rate), death rate, age distribution (age structure)
|
|
replacement-level fertility:
|
number of children a couple must have to “replace” themselves; usually defined to be ~ 2.1. Greater than 2.0 because some children die before they reach reproductive age
|
|
Even when fertility rate drops to replacement-level, population continues to grow for some time because of ____ ______.
|
age structure
|
|
age structure graphs show:
|
Shows number of people by gender in each age class in a population
|
|
When population has high proportion of individuals in pre-reproductive age, population has ______ population growth momentum
|
positive
|
|
Population will continue to grow after fertility rates decline because:
|
when children mature, become parents of next generation (and this group of parents will be larger than the previous group)
|
|
stable population: growth rate= __
|
0
|
|
declining population (negative growth rate) and Numbers in pre-reproductive age group ______ than either reproductive or post-reproductive groups
|
smaller
|
|
Birth rates declined rapidly in late ____s
|
1960s
|
|
in late 1960s, TFR dropped from _ to less than _ in 7 years
but it was Strictly ______ basis |
6, 3, voluntary
|
|
TFR now near ________ level
|
replacement
|
|
currently, the age structure is dominated by _____ individuals
|
young
|
|
population growth rate %:
|
~1%
|
|
__% of world population under age 15
|
30
|
|
Most of population increase during 21st century will take place in _______ countries. largely because young ages are in these countries.
|
developing
|
|
Differences in forecasts for population growth largely due to different assumption about ___
|
TFR
|
|
Low projection assumes TFR declines from ___ in 2002 to ___ in 2050
|
2.8, 1.5
|
|
High projection assumes TFR = ___ in 2050
|
2.5
|
|
Main factors effecting population growth (3):
|
Fertility
Mortality Age structure |
|
how do we stabilize the population (2)?
|
Get countries through demographic transition as quickly as possible. and decrease fertility rates
|
|
The relationship between fertility and economic well-being is ____ clear
|
less
|
|
Education is associated with differences in fertility even in ______ countries
|
developed
|
|
Nations that invested in family planning reduced TFRs ____ than similar nations that did not.
|
more
|
|
Population expected to stabilize between 8-11 billion within the next ___ years
|
100
|
|
Ultimate size and the way in which we reach K will greatly affect (2):
|
human standard of living
health of natural systems |
|
Understanding ______ and differences between countries may help to ______ population growth
|
patterns, decrease
|
|
co2 levels have _______ fluctuations. levels are currently around ____ ppm
|
seasonal, 385
|
|
three crucifers (effected by co2):
|
-Mustard Brassica nigra
-Collard Brassica oleracea -Radish Raphanus raphanistrum |
|
name a specialist herbivore:
|
Cabbage white butterfly (pieris rapae)
|
|
Elevated CO2 _______ plant quality
|
decreases
|
|
Elevated CO2 changes P. rapae:
|
behavior
performance (fed collard only) |
|
elevated CO2 increases density of trichomes (T/F)
|
true
|
|
typical effects on plants when high levels of co2 (2):
|
-Larger
-Chemically altered by having Less nitrogen and Less water |
|
typical effects of seed production of plants when co2 levels are too high:
|
species-specific
-Species dominance will change |
|
when co2 levels are high, insect herbivores don't eat properly because of limited leaf ______ and _______. insects typically _____ _____, grow ______, and have higher ________.
|
nitrogen, water. eat more, less, mortality
|
|
when co2 levels are high, insect herbivores are more ______ to predators. this is because they Take longer to ____, Damage more leaves, and Produce more _____
|
apparent, grow, frass
|
|
without greenhouse effect, the earth would be:
|
cold and lifeless
|
|
greenhouse gases are increasing ___
|
c02
|
|
other greenhouse gases increasing (5):
|
Water (as gas) (H2O)
Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Tropospheric ozone (O3) |
|
the rate of global temperatures increasing are not _____
|
constant
|
|
due to climate change, species are migrating ______, which causes habitat ________
|
north, fragmentation
|
|
since the mid 1800s, how have we measured temperature?
|
Direct measurement records with thermometers
|
|
pre-1800s, how did we measure temperature?
|
Indirectly:
Tree rings Lake and ocean sediments Stalagmites Air bubbles in ancient ice Coral reefs |
|
______ _______ _______ help predict future global climate patterns
|
general circulation models
|
|
positive feedback loop=
|
when a change in a certain direction causes a further change in the same direction (runaway change)
|
|
gradualism:
|
Cause proportional to effect
|
|
tipping point:
|
A critical point beyond which a major change occurs
|
|
Snow and ice in polar regions are extremely bright which causes it to:
|
Reflect a lot of solar light radiation, and not much converted to heat radiation
|
|
As ice begins to melt, surface will become more “dirty” which causes:
|
More light absorbed and converted to heat energy
|
|
permafrost:
|
ground in Arctic regions frozen all year.
|
|
Detritivores and decomposers not active in permafrost, which means:
|
Carbon locked away from carbon cycle
|
|
Permafrost melts due to ______ _______
|
global warming
|
|
when permafrost melts, Detritivores and decomposers become active which releases:
|
carbon and methane from permafrost
-Potential tipping point |
|
Water vapor is a __________ gas that traps _____
|
greenhouse, heat
|
|
Warmer earth =>
More water vapor => increased _______ ______. negative or positive feedback? |
greenhouse effect, positive
|
|
Clouds have the potential to reflect light back into space. negative or positive feedback?
|
negative
|
|
Oceans can act as great sinks of ____
|
heat
|
|
oceans can act as great sinks of heat, Depending on how fast ______ mixing will occur in the oceans (currently this happens VERY ______)
|
vertical, slowly
|
|
oceans currently remove __% of CO2 from atmosphere by _______ it. however, we dont know how much more they can ______.
|
29, dissolving, dissolve
|
|
When oceans warm, they may begin to lose their "________"
|
carbonation
|
|
when oceans warm, they will Release more CO2 into atmosphere
Positive or negative feedback? |
positive
|
|
The 14 warmest years since the mid-1800’s have occurred since ____. and may have been highest in the last _______.
|
1990, millenium
|
|
phenology:
|
the timing of periodic events in living organisms
|
|
examples of phenology (4):
|
Annual budbreak
Timing of migration, life stage, and reproductive events |
|
Phenologies are changing:
Bud break on some species NOW occurs about _ days earlier than in 1959 |
6
|
|
Autumn NOW delayed 5 days since ____
|
1959
|
|
Some insect species emerge just as ______ occurs
|
budbreak
|
|
Migratory songbirds make their way north in the _____.
and time migration to take advantage of high abundance of ______. |
spring, insects
|
|
cues in nature for organisms to do certain things include (2):
|
Some temperature
Some daylength |
|
messed up timing in nature can cause (2):
|
Extinctions and destabilized food webs
|
|
why are sea levels rising (3)?
|
Melting polar ice caps
Retreating glaciers Thermal expansion |
|
sea levels are rising about ___- cm per decade
|
3,
|
|
sea levels are Expected to rise an additional __ cm (20”) by 2100
|
50
|
|
ocean currents do what? list 2
|
disperse heat globally
Trap CO2 deep in ocean |
|
Deep ocean currents may be disrupted by _____ _______.
|
global warming
|
|
___ of world’s population lives within 93 miles of a seashore
|
2/3
|
|
rising sea levels can cause Productive ______ lost
|
cropland
|
|
rising sea level will flood low-lying coastal areas,
Accelerate coastal ______, and Reduce fish ______ |
erosion, catches
|
|
countries most susceptable to problems because of rising sea level:
|
Bangladesh, Egypt, Vietnam, Mozambique
|
|
in bangladesh, tropical storms and flooding already killed _____ since 1970
|
300,000
|
|
rising sea levels can increase ______ weather due to more ______ in the atmosphere
|
extreme, energy
|
|
there has been Increased number of storms and
Increased ______ of storms |
severity
|
|
extreme weather increases Bankrupt insurance and ______ _______
|
banking industries
|
|
in 1990-1995, how much $ in weather claims were there?
|
$57 Billion
|
|
extreme weather increases Prolonged heat _____ and ______ in certain areas
|
waves, droughts
|
|
Since ____, increased heat wave frequencies in U.S
|
1949
|
|
due to global warming, changes in precipitation patterns has left some areas wetter and some drier. T/F
|
true
|
|
changes in precipitation patterns will cause food productivity to _______
|
decrease
|
|
due to changes in precipitation patterns, some predict 10-__% declines in global crop yield. when only a __% decrease can cause starvation + hunger
|
70,
|
|
changes in precipitation patterns may cause current streams, lakes, and rivers to ____ __
|
dry up
|
|
more heat waves could ____ or _____ elderly deaths
|
double, triple
|
|
changes in precipitation patterns may cause Tropical diseases to migrate to currently temperate regions. some tropical diseases include:
|
malaria, yellow fever, and other insect-borne diseases
|
|
changes in precipitation patterns can cause mass _____. because Organisms will quickly be removed from fundamental _____.
|
extinction, niches
|
|
As water levels drop, pesticide and pollutants will become more ________
|
concentrated
|
|
cant terrestrial life just migrate to accomodate climate change?
|
no, Many species (especially plants) can’t migrate fast enough
Habitats are so fragmented that northern migration is often impossible |
|
cant organisms just adapt to the climate changes?
|
no, changes much too quick for macroevolution
|
|
Microevolution can only occur with _____ populations currently carry
|
genes
|
|
Species that survive fundamental niche stress will have incomplete ____ ____
|
food webs
|
|
What kinds of species should prosper during mass extinction?
|
Weeds
Insect pests Disease-carrying organisms |
|
Wildfires may burn up to __% of North American forests
|
90
|
|
from wild fires, Dead timber from trees are outside of ________ _____
|
fundamental niche
|