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343 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
hunting and gathering is a group of _____ human groups, it has an _______ view of the environment, and a ______ impact on the environment.
mobile, adversarial, negligable
when did we become culture dependent?
6500 B.C.
the agricultural revolution is arguably one of the:
most important events in human history
the agricultural revolution allowed:
human groups to stay in one place
ex: Cities
the agricultural revolution made it so that obtaining food: and allowed specialization of _______. example: _______.
required less time investment,
occupation, culture
the first significant impacts on the environment from the agricultural revolution included (2):
-land cleared and cultivated
-wilderness reduced
the agricultural revolution changed what perspective?
new perspective: nature works for us.
who were involved in the conservation movement and when did it take place?
Theodore Roosevelt / John Muir
-late 1800’s
when were we culture dependent?
~1800 A.D.
During the industrial revolution, ______ were consumed. in greater ______ and greater _______.
resources, variety, amounts
what was the new perpective that was created during the industrial revolution?
We exist apart from the natural environment
during the industrial revolution, the first:
major waste products were generated
early environmental movement in the U.S. started in early:
1960’s, peaked in 1970’s
the early environment movement involving Rachel Carlson was called ______ ______ and occured in ____. this focused on _______ _________.
Silent Spring, 1962, pesticide pollution
early environmental movement legislation included (3; name and date):
EPA created (1970)
Clean Air Act (1970)
Clean Water Act (1972)
impacts of early environmental movement (4):
-Some species saved from extinction
-Water pollution reduced
-Limit consumption of fish caught in Great Lakes
-Air emissions reduced
the early environmental movement focused on ______ as opposed to _______ problems. it was ______ vs ______.
fixing, preventing, reactive, proactive.
the early environmental movement was less ________ and MUCH more ______. the _______ were still off-- ________ costs.
successful, costly, economics, externalized.
the early environmental solutions did not reflect the _____ of the problem.
scope
what is superfund?
A program designed to clean:
-Leaking underground chemical storage tanks.
-Abandoned hazardous waste
sites
Superfund focused on what hazardous waste sites (5)?
-hazardous waste dumps
-landfills
-contaminated factories, mines, and mills
what and when was superfund created? and when was it amended?
CERCLA (1980)
amendments (1986, 1990)
superfund costed _____ and was funded by:
$16.3 billion dollars,
state and federal governments (taxes)
what fines were involved with superfund?
Fines (from parties responsible)
up to 3x the cleanup cost
why did the kalamazoo river superfund exist?
because Historically, Michigan
is a log producer and Kalamazoo has pulp and paper manufacturing. and the paper manufacturing is water-intensive and polluting.
-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
what's wrong with superfund?
-COST!!!
-determine pollutants
-clean up pollutants
-determine pollutants are cleaned up
what's wrong with superfund regarding litigation? and what % of superfund cost has been legal fees?
companies don’t want to pay this cost
~ 60% of superfund cost has been legal fees
superfund has ______ cleanups;
_______ off area,
________ of pollution.
and it attempts to _______, rather than _______, pollution.
inadaquate, sealing, transfer, correct, prevent.
what happened with the kalamazoo superfund cleanup?
-Dredge river
-Tons of polluted sediment into hazardous waste landfill
the human species is very _____ in geologic times, but has changed the ____ very ______
young, earth, quickly
the industrial revolution caused us to lose _______ with our natural environment.
connection
the traditional perspective of the environment says that the World’s _____, _____, ______ exist to ______ humans.
plants, animals, minerals, benefit
the traditional perspective of the environment says that we exist _____ from the natural world and that world resources are ______
apart, infinite
the traditional perspective of the environment causes ________ of the proper course of action and that there is no limit to _____ _______ ______.
exploitation, human carrying capacity.
the traditional perspective of the environment is causing (5):
-Dwindling supplies of natural resources
-Unchecked population growth
-Global atmospheric changes
-Failing natural systems
-Mass extinction?
human population growth is _______ and not _______.
exponential, sustainable.
how much does each status of people use human resources (rich, middle, poor)?
richest 20% consumes 76.6%
middle 60% consumes 21%
poorest 20% consumes 1.5%
atmospheric C02 is _____ and expected to:
rising, double from today’s levels in next 50-100 years
other __________ _____ besides CO2 are also increasing.
greenhouse
altered biochemical cycles include increased ______ fixation; from ______ and ______.
nitrogen, fertilizers, legumes.
altered biochemical cycles also include _____ _____.
-doubled __ inputs from___. this has caused (3):
Fossil Fuels, N, N2
-Global Warming (N2O)
-Acid Rain/Smog (NO)
-Eutrophication
--Hypoxia/Anoxia
persistent organic compounds do what? some include:
industry/agriculture create these compounds that resist environmental breakdown, so detritivores and decomposers can't do their job properly.
Aldrin
Chlordane
DDT
Endrin
PCBs
persistent organic pollutants cause _______ and _______.
bioaccumulation, biomagnification
what are the known effects of POPs (persistant organic pollutants) with humans?
Accute toxicity
-Lethal dose (rats, etc.)
Chronic toxicity
Carcinogens
Liver function
Diabetes
Endocrine disruption
what are the known effects of POPs(persistent organic pollutants) with wildlife?
-Accute toxicity
-Egg shell thinning
-Much is still unknown
POPs and tough decisions:
Malaria is a parasite that kills 650 million humans annually
-Parasite transmitted by mosquito
-DDT is a cheap and effective insecticide
changes in land use/cover causes(3):
-Habitat destruction and fragmentation
-Metapopulation
-Increases “edge”
metapopulation:
a group of populations of the same species. this can affect migration and gene flow
harvesting natural populations involves:
RenewABLE resources
e.g. fishing and hunting
what is the logistic growth involving maximizing sustainable harvest (3)?
-Population grows most rapidly when at ½K
-(births – deaths) greatest at ½K
-Net recruitment = births – deaths
when maximizing sustainable harvest, it is believed that ______ _____ ______ does not affect _______ _____.
harvesting net recruitment, population size
(regarding maximizing sustainable harvest) Maximum sustained yield (MSY) is:
the largest harvest that can be removed regularly and indefinitely
when harvesting natural populations, "the tragedy of the commons" refers to:
-Overexploitation of a resource shared by many parties
-Players act on individual motivations
regarding harvesting natural populations, what does it mean when players act on individual motivation(3)? and what is an example of this?
-Individuals take as much resource as possible
-benefits go to individual
-costs born by group
Example: open ocean fisheries
invasive species:
A non-native species that spreads and “invades” native niches
with biological invasions, competition leads to _____ _______/ _______ ______.
niche restriction, competitive exclusion
2 example of biological invasions
-native range of emerald ash borer in asia
-garlic mustard
examples of locally important invasives (5):
asian carp, zebra mussel, soybean aphid, sea lamprey, garlic mustard.
steps of the greenhouse effect (6):
solar energy-->absorbed as heat by earth -->heat radiated away from the earth -->moist heat absorbed by stratospheric co2 and re-radiated back to earth -->only some of heat radiated from earth escapes to space--> build up of co2 in stratosphere
atmospheric layers: earth, _______, ________.
troposphere, stratosphere
Science never _____ a hypothesis correct
proves
Climate change can’t be studied with _______ experiments
manipulative
Global warming inspires ______ ______.
political debate
consensus about climate change exists among scientists. what are the 2 agreements?
-The earth is warming
-Humans contribute to climate change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says:
“the evidence for anthropogenic [human-caused] climate change is unequivocal”
predicted effects of global warming (5):
-Rising sea levels
-Changes in precipitation patterns
-Decrease in crop yields
-Increase in extreme weather
-Mass extinction
the history of biodiversity:
Life dominated by bacteria and algae (single-celled organisms) for ~ 3 billion years
Current biodiversity on a geologic scale: historic ____
high
current biodiversity on a year scale: Massive species ____.
1 species goes extinct every __ minutes
loss, 20
current biodiversity on a year scale: ____ of all living birds and mammals will be gone in ___-___ years
half, 200-300
current biodiversity on a year scale: Tropical rain forests losing __-__% of species per _____.
1-8, decade
mass extinction:
period defined by high extinction rates of species and groups of species
how many mass extinctions have we had to date?
5
the 6th mass extinction:
we are arguably on the verge of another. -first caused by a living species
Human civilization requires _______ services provided by _______ ______systems
ecosystem, functioning natural
some example of ecosystem services provided by functioning natural systems for human civilization includes (4):
healthy soils
fisheries
fresh drinking water
carbon sequestration
Western civilization runs on fossil fuels. some include:
heating/cooling, transportation, lighting, food production, industrial production
examples of fossil fuels (3):
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
fossil fuels contribute to ______ _____.
climate change
fossil fuels are nonrenewable, and there is no: and what is the best solution?
sustainable way to use a non-renewable resource.
Best solution: stepping stone
Hubbert's peak oil was developed to do what?
-Developed to predict output of an individual well or field
When was Hubbert's peak oil used to predict U.S. peak oil in 1970?
1956
We are _____ or have recently ______ global peak oil
close, passed
The effects of declining fossil fuel availability will depend on availability of alternative energy sources. what are some alternative energy sources (6)?
solar energy, wind energy, biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, tidal energy.
extractive uses of freshwater:
Water for drinking, industry, and irrigation of agricultural land
nonextractive uses of freshwater:
Production of fish, waterfowl, and shellfish
Flood control
Transportation
Recreation
Waste processing
Hydroelectric power
Habitat for aquatic plants and animals
Freshwater lakes, rivers, wetlands:__% of total global freshwater reserves
0.3
Great Lakes: __% of total water in lakes, rivers, wetlands
20
for food production, Western civilization depends on ______ _____ and ______.
industrial farms, feedlots
agriculturalists ______ "useable" lands; lands that are not tundra, boreal, or rock. globally, ~___% of useable land is already in agricultural use.
monopolize, 50
Globally ~ ___% of useable land already in agricultural use
50
~ __% of earth's land surface is in ______ use or _______ ________.
37, pastoral, intensive agriculture
about __% of lumber is being used
11
Industrial farm production much more ______ over the past __ years. thanks to the ______ _________
efficient, 50, green revolution
during the green revolution, Human population ______ between ____ and _____
doubled, 1950, 2000
during the green revolution, _fold increase in _____ production worldwide
3, grain
during the green revolution, there was a Slight increase in ______ of land in farming.
~ __% between 1960 and 2000
proportion, 10
the green revolution was achieved by Increased use of _ and _ fertilizers and
Increased ________
N, P, irrigation
the green revolution was achieved by increased use of _______
pesticides
the green revolution was achieved by Availability of new “_____” varieties of _____ and rice, and improved ____ hybrids
miracle, wheat, corn
the green revolution was achieved by increased _______ density. this involves growing more than _ crop/year on same piece of land.
cropping, 1
the green revolution Has not kept up with population ______.
Primarily due to shift to ____-based diet
growth, meat
By 2050 global human population expected to be __% larger than at present (~ _ billion)
50, 9
by 2050 Global demand for grain expected to increase by ___%.
100
food production in the next 50 years has a Continued shift toward higher proportion of ____. this could be
Consequence of higher ______.
meat, incomes,
the green revolution came with environmental costs including synthetic ______ and synthetic _______.
fertilizers, pesticides.
the green revolution came with environmental costs unsustainable use of ______ and _________ for irrigation, and ______ destruction.
surface, groundwater, habitat.
the green revolution came with environmental costs including being Heavily dependent on ______ _____.
fossil fuels
example of synthetic fertilizers:
ocean dead zones
example of synthetic pesticides:
insectocides, herbicides, fungicides, POPs.
pesticide genetic resistance is an example of _________ in action.
microevolution
pesticide genetic resistance can be created by ______
mutation
if agriculture falls behind, ______ increases and _____ increase. which will lead to political pressure to stop food ______.
demand, prices, exports
land acquisition agreements:
Anticipating agriculture falling behind, some countries have purchased the rights to farm land in other (poor) countries from their governments
environmental stresses can cause state to fail. provide 2 examples of how the state can fail.
-can’t feed its people
-can’t protect people from flooding, etc.
a failing state can increase environmental stresses. provide 2 examples of environmnental stresses.
-State can’t protect its natural resources
-environment exploited for human survival
New environmental perspective:
-Resources NOT infinite
-Business as usual NOT sustainable
-Humans and nature linked in global systems
-Civilization must change in order to survive
sustainable:
An activity that can be continued indefinitely without depleting material or energy resources
Sustainable development doesn’t deplete resources
deplete
how do we decrease environmental stresses (5)?
-Reduce CO2 emissions
-Stabilize size of global human population
-Reduce poverty and stabilize states
-Restore natural systems
-Rethink Western lifestyle
demography:
the study of the distribution, density, and vital statistics (e.g., birth and death rates) of human populations
fertility:
pregnancy or the capacity to become pregnant or to have children
total fertility rate (TFR):
average number of children born to each woman during her lifetime
infant mortality rate:
annual number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 births
there's about ___ billion people on the earth today.
6.8
exponential growth equation
∆N = (b – d)N = rN
r is the percapita rate of population growth.
rate of population growth dependns on how many individuals are already in the population (N), multiplied by how quickly they reproduce (r)
From 1000 to 1750: growth rate __%
0.1%
reasons for slower population growth:
-No basic knowledge of sanitation and health
-High mortality rates, especially infants and children
-Only half of newborns survived to age 5
reasons for slower population growth: Recurring ______, disease epidemics, and ____ kept growth rate low despite high ____ rate
famines, wars, birth
After 1750, population increased because _ AND _ increased!
N, r,
In exponential growth, population takes off because of increasing _
N
populations can grow exponentially when _______ new habitat. ex: ________ ________
colonizing, european colonialism
populations can grow exponentially when a major ____ has been removed, such as modern ______ and medicine
stress, hygiene
populations can grow exponentially during _______ imbalance. example:
ecosystem, dependence on fossil fuels.
populations can grow exponentially when resources are _______. an example of this would be:
abundant. industrial revolution and fossil fuel consumption
The human population has increased exponentially since _____
1800
Growth rate =
birth rate – death rate
r =
births per 1000 individuals – deaths per 1000 individuals
r is usuall expressed as a _____
percent
Doubling time:
the number of years it takes a population to double
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
country
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
country
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
1960, 2.1
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
1960, 2.1
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
country
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
2002, 1.5
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
1960, 2.1
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
2002, 1.5
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
2.5
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
2002, 1.5
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
2.5
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
2070
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
2070
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
2.5
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
country
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
decrease
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
decrease
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
2070
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
greater efficiency, renewable energy
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
decrease
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
greater efficiency, renewable energy
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
decreased
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
decreased
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
greater efficiency, renewable energy
temporary increases in human K (2):
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources
temporary increases in human K (2):
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
decreased
temporary increases in human K (2):
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Collapse of fisheries
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Collapse of fisheries
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
1960, 2.1
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Collapse of fisheries
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
2002, 1.5
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
2.5
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
2070
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
decrease
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
greater efficiency, renewable energy
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
country
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
decreased
temporary increases in human K (2):
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Collapse of fisheries
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
1960, 2.1
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
2002, 1.5
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
2.5
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
2070
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
decrease
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
greater efficiency, renewable energy
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
decreased
temporary increases in human K (2):
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Collapse of fisheries
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
country
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
1960, 2.1
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
2002, 1.5
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
2.5
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
2070
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
decrease
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
greater efficiency, renewable energy
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
decreased
temporary increases in human K (2):
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Collapse of fisheries
For humans, doubling time typically considers the population of a _____
country
Growth rate peaked in late ____s at __% per year
1960, 2.1
for projected population growth, Low projection assumes number of children born per woman declines from 2.8 in ____ to ___ in 2050
2002, 1.5
for projected population growth, High projection assumes ___ children per woman in 2050
2.5
World human population expected to peak around ____ at 9 billion (50% increase over current level)
2070
the population is expected to slowly ______ after 2070
decrease
decreased resource use per person can help increase human K. this can happen through ______ ______ such as technological innovations including _______ ______.
greater efficiency, renewable energy
______ consumption per person can help increase human K
decreased
temporary increases in human K (2):
-Use of non-renewable resources
-Overuse of renewable resources
Degradation of renewable resources helps decrease human K. examples of this include(3):
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Collapse of fisheries
the two possibilities for reaching human K are:
gradually reaching global k
overshooting global k
_________, acquifier _______, and _____ _____ will all inflate global K
overfishing, overpumping, fossil fuels
humans need _4 liters of water /day to drink and
____ liters/day to eat. this is _______.
4, 2000, unsustainable
underground water is:
locked away from the water cycle
(fossil water dependence) Analogous to fossil fuels
no recharge
nonrenewable
aquifer depletion causes a decrease in discharge, which means major _____ in _____ waters.
changes, surface
aquifer depletion causes a decrease in discharge, which causes consequences for _____ and natural world
humans
aquifer depletion is especially occuring in:
saudi arabia, yemen, china, texas, oklahoma, kansas, pakastan
challenge: to stabilize global population.
demographics- to change, we must ______.
understand
challenge: to stabilize global population. Solutions are country-specific. 3 solutions include:
-shorten demographic transition
-educate women
-greater access to family planning
2 global consequences of human population:
Climate change
Loss of biodiversity
national consequence of human population:
Degradation of natural systems and resources
personal solution for controlling human population growth:
Individuals must choose to have fewer children
global human population characteristics (3):
SOME humans globally mobile
Economy/Resources global
Limits to K can be global
human population by country characteristics (3):
-Some humans NOT globally mobile
-A country contains limited resources with which to purchase/produce global products
-Limits to K can be limited locally
3 most populated countries:
china, india, united states
population growth and density varies ________.
geographically
population growth is largely in _____
LDCs
What has driven rapid growth of past 200 years?
What is causing reductions in growth rate observed in many countries?
Both accounted for by demographic transitions.
Four demographic stages through which population progresses as its society becomes industrialized
demographic transition is country-specific, which means:
Depends on stage of economic development
From 1000 to 1750: global population growth rate= __&
0.1
population Growth rate increased in ____ countries around 1750
some
preindustrial:
high birth and death rates; relatively stable population size. High infant mortality; high death rate from famines and disease.
transitional:
death rate declines while birth rate remains high; rapid population growth. associated with beginning of industrial society
industrial:
decline in birth rates; reduced rate of population growth. Occurs at some point during industrialization process
post-industrial:
low birth and death rates; stable or declining population size. from: Improved education,
Greater affluence, Voluntary limitation of family size
4 stages of demographic transition:
1) pre-industrial stage 2)transitional stage 3) industrial stage 4) post-industrial stage
Demographic transition in current ___s occurred slowly
MDCs
Death rates declined slowly over 2 centuries due to (4):
Reduced variability in food supply
Better housing
Improved sanitation
Progress in preventive and curative medicine
Demographic transitions in LDCs occurring more _____.
example:
rapidly, mauritius
Death rate declined rapidly in Mauritius after WW II because (2):
-Eradication of malaria
-Introduction of European medical technology
Rapid death rate _____ results in LDCs growing _ times faster than MDCs at similar point in demographic transition
decline, 3
factors influencing growth rate (4):
If no migration, major factors are birth rate (fertility rate), death rate, age distribution (age structure)
replacement-level fertility:
number of children a couple must have to “replace” themselves; usually defined to be ~ 2.1. Greater than 2.0 because some children die before they reach reproductive age
Even when fertility rate drops to replacement-level, population continues to grow for some time because of ____ ______.
age structure
age structure graphs show:
Shows number of people by gender in each age class in a population
When population has high proportion of individuals in pre-reproductive age, population has ______ population growth momentum
positive
Population will continue to grow after fertility rates decline because:
when children mature, become parents of next generation (and this group of parents will be larger than the previous group)
stable population: growth rate= __
0
declining population (negative growth rate) and Numbers in pre-reproductive age group ______ than either reproductive or post-reproductive groups
smaller
Birth rates declined rapidly in late ____s
1960s
in late 1960s, TFR dropped from _ to less than _ in 7 years
but it was Strictly ______ basis
6, 3, voluntary
TFR now near ________ level
replacement
currently, the age structure is dominated by _____ individuals
young
population growth rate %:
~1%
__% of world population under age 15
30
Most of population increase during 21st century will take place in _______ countries. largely because young ages are in these countries.
developing
Differences in forecasts for population growth largely due to different assumption about ___
TFR
Low projection assumes TFR declines from ___ in 2002 to ___ in 2050
2.8, 1.5
High projection assumes TFR = ___ in 2050
2.5
Main factors effecting population growth (3):
Fertility
Mortality
Age structure
how do we stabilize the population (2)?
Get countries through demographic transition as quickly as possible. and decrease fertility rates
The relationship between fertility and economic well-being is ____ clear
less
Education is associated with differences in fertility even in ______ countries
developed
Nations that invested in family planning reduced TFRs ____ than similar nations that did not.
more
Population expected to stabilize between 8-11 billion within the next ___ years
100
Ultimate size and the way in which we reach K will greatly affect (2):
human standard of living
health of natural systems
Understanding ______ and differences between countries may help to ______ population growth
patterns, decrease
co2 levels have _______ fluctuations. levels are currently around ____ ppm
seasonal, 385
three crucifers (effected by co2):
-Mustard Brassica nigra
-Collard Brassica oleracea
-Radish Raphanus raphanistrum
name a specialist herbivore:
Cabbage white butterfly (pieris rapae)
Elevated CO2 _______ plant quality
decreases
Elevated CO2 changes P. rapae:
behavior
performance (fed collard only)
elevated CO2 increases density of trichomes (T/F)
true
typical effects on plants when high levels of co2 (2):
-Larger
-Chemically altered by having Less nitrogen and Less water
typical effects of seed production of plants when co2 levels are too high:
species-specific
-Species dominance will change
when co2 levels are high, insect herbivores don't eat properly because of limited leaf ______ and _______. insects typically _____ _____, grow ______, and have higher ________.
nitrogen, water. eat more, less, mortality
when co2 levels are high, insect herbivores are more ______ to predators. this is because they Take longer to ____, Damage more leaves, and Produce more _____
apparent, grow, frass
without greenhouse effect, the earth would be:
cold and lifeless
greenhouse gases are increasing ___
c02
other greenhouse gases increasing (5):
Water (as gas) (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Tropospheric ozone (O3)
the rate of global temperatures increasing are not _____
constant
due to climate change, species are migrating ______, which causes habitat ________
north, fragmentation
since the mid 1800s, how have we measured temperature?
Direct measurement records with thermometers
pre-1800s, how did we measure temperature?
Indirectly:
Tree rings
Lake and ocean sediments
Stalagmites
Air bubbles in ancient ice
Coral reefs
______ _______ _______ help predict future global climate patterns
general circulation models
positive feedback loop=
when a change in a certain direction causes a further change in the same direction (runaway change)
gradualism:
Cause proportional to effect
tipping point:
A critical point beyond which a major change occurs
Snow and ice in polar regions are extremely bright which causes it to:
Reflect a lot of solar light radiation, and not much converted to heat radiation
As ice begins to melt, surface will become more “dirty” which causes:
More light absorbed and converted to heat energy
permafrost:
ground in Arctic regions frozen all year.
Detritivores and decomposers not active in permafrost, which means:
Carbon locked away from carbon cycle
Permafrost melts due to ______ _______
global warming
when permafrost melts, Detritivores and decomposers become active which releases:
carbon and methane from permafrost
-Potential tipping point
Water vapor is a __________ gas that traps _____
greenhouse, heat
Warmer earth =>
More water vapor => increased _______ ______. negative or positive feedback?
greenhouse effect, positive
Clouds have the potential to reflect light back into space. negative or positive feedback?
negative
Oceans can act as great sinks of ____
heat
oceans can act as great sinks of heat, Depending on how fast ______ mixing will occur in the oceans (currently this happens VERY ______)
vertical, slowly
oceans currently remove __% of CO2 from atmosphere by _______ it. however, we dont know how much more they can ______.
29, dissolving, dissolve
When oceans warm, they may begin to lose their "________"
carbonation
when oceans warm, they will Release more CO2 into atmosphere
Positive or negative feedback?
positive
The 14 warmest years since the mid-1800’s have occurred since ____. and may have been highest in the last _______.
1990, millenium
phenology:
the timing of periodic events in living organisms
examples of phenology (4):
Annual budbreak
Timing of migration, life stage, and reproductive events
Phenologies are changing:
Bud break on some species NOW occurs about _ days earlier than in 1959
6
Autumn NOW delayed 5 days since ____
1959
Some insect species emerge just as ______ occurs
budbreak
Migratory songbirds make their way north in the _____.
and time migration to take advantage of high abundance of ______.
spring, insects
cues in nature for organisms to do certain things include (2):
Some temperature
Some daylength
messed up timing in nature can cause (2):
Extinctions and destabilized food webs
why are sea levels rising (3)?
Melting polar ice caps
Retreating glaciers
Thermal expansion
sea levels are rising about ___- cm per decade
3,
sea levels are Expected to rise an additional __ cm (20”) by 2100
50
ocean currents do what? list 2
disperse heat globally
Trap CO2 deep in ocean
Deep ocean currents may be disrupted by _____ _______.
global warming
___ of world’s population lives within 93 miles of a seashore
2/3
rising sea levels can cause Productive ______ lost
cropland
rising sea level will flood low-lying coastal areas,
Accelerate coastal ______, and Reduce fish ______
erosion, catches
countries most susceptable to problems because of rising sea level:
Bangladesh, Egypt, Vietnam, Mozambique
in bangladesh, tropical storms and flooding already killed _____ since 1970
300,000
rising sea levels can increase ______ weather due to more ______ in the atmosphere
extreme, energy
there has been Increased number of storms and
Increased ______ of storms
severity
extreme weather increases Bankrupt insurance and ______ _______
banking industries
in 1990-1995, how much $ in weather claims were there?
$57 Billion
extreme weather increases Prolonged heat _____ and ______ in certain areas
waves, droughts
Since ____, increased heat wave frequencies in U.S
1949
due to global warming, changes in precipitation patterns has left some areas wetter and some drier. T/F
true
changes in precipitation patterns will cause food productivity to _______
decrease
due to changes in precipitation patterns, some predict 10-__% declines in global crop yield. when only a __% decrease can cause starvation + hunger
70,
changes in precipitation patterns may cause current streams, lakes, and rivers to ____ __
dry up
more heat waves could ____ or _____ elderly deaths
double, triple
changes in precipitation patterns may cause Tropical diseases to migrate to currently temperate regions. some tropical diseases include:
malaria, yellow fever, and other insect-borne diseases
changes in precipitation patterns can cause mass _____. because Organisms will quickly be removed from fundamental _____.
extinction, niches
As water levels drop, pesticide and pollutants will become more ________
concentrated
cant terrestrial life just migrate to accomodate climate change?
no, Many species (especially plants) can’t migrate fast enough
Habitats are so fragmented that northern migration is often impossible
cant organisms just adapt to the climate changes?
no, changes much too quick for macroevolution
Microevolution can only occur with _____ populations currently carry
genes
Species that survive fundamental niche stress will have incomplete ____ ____
food webs
What kinds of species should prosper during mass extinction?
Weeds
Insect pests
Disease-carrying organisms
Wildfires may burn up to __% of North American forests
90
from wild fires, Dead timber from trees are outside of ________ _____
fundamental niche