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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much does the adult brain weigh?
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3-3.5lbs
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What are neurons?
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Primary information processors
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What do glial cells do?
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perform maintenance functions & contribute to learning & neural org
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How long is the vasculature in your head?
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8-10 miles
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What does cerebrospinal fluid act as?
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a shock absorber and flusher
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What is the CNS?
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Nervous system w/in the bony case of the skull & spine
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What is the PNS?
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Nervous system outside of the bony case of skull and spine
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What is grey matter?
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neuron bodies
6 layers of cell bodies alternating w/cell processes |
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What is white matter?
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tons of myelinated axons
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What is the order of development
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-Neural plate - ovum
-Neural plate diffs into neural crest -N.C --> neural tube & diff into cephalic regions -neural migration in 2nd Tri of pregnancy -Neural arborization/diff in 3rd & for 1st 5 yrs of life |
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What is the last part of the brain to develop?
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prefrontal cortex
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What is the primary basis of the concepts underlying neuropsych?
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Biopsych
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What are Brodmann's Areas?
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Mapped entire brain
-found that org is determined by diff cell types & served diff types -complexity of neurons was directly related w/complexity of their task |
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What is Rostral-Caudal?
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head to tail
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What is Dorsal-Ventral?
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back to belly
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What are ipsilateral and contralateral?
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ipsilateral - on the same side
contralateral - on the opposite side (crosses) |
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What is the organization and specialization of the brain based on?
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function
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What are the 6 stages of neural dvlpmnt?
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1. Mitosis
2. Migration 3. Differentiation 4. Synaptogenesis 5. Cell death 6. Synapse rearrangement |
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What are Meninges?
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Layers of tissue that completely surround and envelop the CNS
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What is PAD?
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Acronym from inside out of layers of meninges
P- Pia Mater (on cortex) A- Arachnoid layer & sub-arachnoid space (distributes CSF) D- Dura Mater (toughest & outer most layer) |
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What is the Pia Mater?
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layers of meninges that lie directly on the cortex; thin
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What is the Arachnoid layer and sub-arachnoid space?
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Layers of meninges that distribute CSF
-looks like a sponge -holds blood vessels in place on surface of the brain -distributes cerebral fluid |
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What is the Dura Mater?
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-toughest and outer most layer of the meninges
-primary meninges that protects the brain from everything on the outside -holds hemispheres as 2 separate structures |
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What is the tentorium?
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The bone-base seating the brain
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What is the Medulla?
What does damage to this part do? |
the seat of automatic, reflexive functions required for life.
Damage usually kills or produces decerebrate rigidity |
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What is the brainstem nuclei?
What is it responsible for? |
the source of many cranial nerves
Neurotransmitter synthesis, motor reflex modulation |
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What is the pons?
What does damage here do? |
It connects L-R cerebellar lobes; more cranial nerves
Damage causes decorticate rigidity |
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What is the thalamus responsible for?
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-relay station for all somatic senses except smell
-involved in spreading arousal throughout cortex -some basic perceptual processes like PAIN -integrates some functions that arise bilaterally |
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What is the result of thalamus damage?
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Thalamic syndrome: initial anesthesia followed by pervasive, emotionally aggravated pain
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Hypothalamus
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Master regulator of ANS (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
Emotional elements of memory, sleep, arousal, adrenalin works w/ Pituitary to regulate endocrine system |
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What psych problems can result from damage to the hypothalamus?
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pseudo-psych
depression, anxiety, OCD, etc |
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What is the Tentorium?
What surrounds it? |
Bone-base seating of the brain
Dura mater surrounds it |
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What is the Medulla in charge of?
What can happen if it is damaged? |
Automatic, reflexive functions (breathing, heart rate)
Kills or causes rigidity, limb spasms, flexed hands |
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What is the brainstem nuclei in charge of? What is it part of?
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Source of many cranial nerves; neurotransmitter synthesis, motor reflex modulation
Medulla |
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What is the Pons in charge of? What is it part of?
What happens if it is damaged? |
Connects L & R cerebellar lobes; houses some cranial nerves.
Part of Medulla Decorticate rigidity (like Medulla), arms curled opp to head turn, hands flexed |
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What is 6 6 2 guideline for neurological recovery?
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6 weeks - neurological recovery
6 months - maximal functional recovery (cognition, writing) 2 years - plateau |
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What is the Thalamus responsible for?
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Relay station for all somatic senses EXCEPT smell
Some perceptual processes (sensory awareness, pain) Helps spread arousal Integrates some functions that arise bilaterally (speech & info) |
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What is the "Thalamic syndrome"?
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Initial anesthesia followed by pervasive, emotionally aggravated pain
Result of damage to thalamus |
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What is the structure of the brain that Freud termed the "Id"?
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Hypothalamus
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What is the Basal Ganglia primarily involved in?
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-fine tuning motor system
-involved in motor learning, motor memory, emotional expression, motivation, concentration, attention -contributes to self-regulation, verification of motor efficacy (w/prefrontal cortex) |
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What is the Limbic System?
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Numerous structures laced throughout entire subcortical areas
Heavily connected to pre-frontal cortex, brain stem structures, and hypothalamus |
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What is the Limbic System involved in?
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Regulating level of arousal
organizing and processing memory organizing, processing, and expressing emotions (emotional reactions) Responsible for sense of perception of smell |
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What is the Brain Stem?
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Cranial Nerves
-seat of arousal, sleep/wake cycle, & numerous tracts and nuclei |
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What do teh cranial nerves in the brain stem do?
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Conduct numerous sensory and motor processes to upper body, head, and internal organs.
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What do most neurological exams on to determine the degree of brain damage?
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Brain stem/cranial nerves
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What are the cranial nerves?
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old opie occassionally tries trig and feels almost gloomy, vague, and hypoactive
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal |
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What are the first 6 Cranial Nerves and what are their functions?
HINT: Old Opie Occassionally Tries Trig And Feels Almost Gloomy, Vague, And Hypoactive Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most |
1- Olfactory - smells
2 - Optic - sees 3 - Oculomotor - moves eyes & accommodates 4. Trochlear - lateral eye movement 5 - Trigeminal - feels face & taste 6 - Abducens - outward movement of the eyes |
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What are the functions and names of Cranial Nerves 7-12?
HINT: Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Almost Gloomy, Vague And Hypoactive |
7 - Facial - moves faces & tastes
8 - Acoustic - hears and balances 9 - Glossopharyngeal - Swallows & tastes bitter 10- Vagus - gut, heart, and lung mvmnt, gagging 11 - Spinal Accessory - shrugs and turns head 12 - Hypoglossal - talks moves tongue |
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What is the Circle of Willis?
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Designed to provide constant blood supply even if one route is blocked
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What is the input to the Circle of Willis?
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Internal Carotid Arteries and Basilar Artery
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Which arteries stem from the main loop of the Circle of Willis?
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Anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
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What connects the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries in the Circle of Willis?
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communicating arteries
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CSF-
where does it circulate? How much is made daily? What produces it? Where is it recollected? |
circulates around the brain and in the spine
~550ccs a day Produced in choroids plexus (ventricles) recollected in arachnoid subspace |
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Which layer of the meninges keeps stuff from entering/leaving the brain?
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piamater
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What is the metabolic demand of the brain?
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2-3% of body weight
uses 20-25% of oxygen & sugar |
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In what direction does myelination occur?
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Caudal to rostral starting in spine and brainstem
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Which areas myelinate first?
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1. Sensory
2. Motor 3. Associative |
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Which type of cells attach to axons to create myelin sheaths in the CNS?
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Oligodentrite cells
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Which type of cells attach to axons to create myelin sheaths in the PNS?
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Schwann cells
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What is a more detailed breakdown of the midbrain? (7)
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reticular formation
substantia nigra (dopamine) raphe nucleus (serotonin) locus coeruleus (nepinephrine) superior colliculi (vision orientation) inferior colliculi (auditory orientation) red nucleus |
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Parts of the Hindbrain (3)
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pons
cerebellum medulla |
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Parts of the Forebrain?
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cortex
basal ganglia limbic system |
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Parts of the brain stem?
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midbrain
hindbrain |
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Parts of the subcortical areas?
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basal ganglia
limbic system |
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What are Neurons?
def? What don't we know? |
Def: specialized cells for receiving ionic electrical and digital signals and then transmitting the info.
The info from these signals excite or inhibit other neurons, glands, muscles, etc We DO NOT know how their activity becomes experience |
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What do Neurons require? Why?
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Food and water because they are genetically driven
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Can neuron's recover from damage?
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Yes, to some extent, BUT their function changes b/c NS is organized functionally.
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Why it important to understand how neurons work?
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B/c it facilitates recovery of the function
-knowing this can help engage client in therapy & meds and helps us understand diff b/w "organic" and "functional" disorders |
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What are GLIAL CELLS?
"glue" cells |
Smaller than neurons
make up 90% of the brain and over 50% of the bulk |
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What is the Schwann cell responsible for?
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Producing myelin sheaths to cover the axons in the PNS
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What does the oligodendrocyte do?
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It produces myelin to coat the axons in the CNS
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Astrocytes - what are they?
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They connect blood supply to the neurons
-subtype of glial cells in the CNS -inactive until something needs to be fixed (kill bacteria, metabolic support, NS repair, etc) |
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What are Ependymal Cells?
Where are they? |
Line the ventricles; one of 4 types of glial cells in the CNS; involved in production of CSF
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What are microglia?
(Think micro cleaning) |
Potentially cancerous; smaller than bacteria; responsible for neuronal defense & cleaning
Immune system in CNS |
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What make up the Neuron?
4 parts |
Dendrites (receiving end)
Soma (cell body; recieve/process info; metabolism & repair) Axon (transmit info to other neurons) Bouton (pre-synaptic process that processes neurotransmitters) |
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What are dendrites?
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Part of neuron; receiving end
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What is the Soma?
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cell body; recieves/processes info, metabolism & repair in neuron
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What is the axon?
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part of neuron body that transmits info to other neurons
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What are the diff types of neurons?
HINT: Uni-Bi-Py-Inter-Pur Simpler the word, simpler the function |
Unipolar Cells (sensory systems)
Bipolar cells (sensory systems, etc) Pyramidal cells (cortical; reflexive) Interneurons (cortical & nuclear) Purkinjie cells (cerebellum) |
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What is the Bouton?
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part of the neuron; pre-synaptic process that processes neurotransmitters
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Where are Purkinjie cells (type of neuron)?
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in the cerebellum
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Where are the unipolar neuron cells?
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in the sensory system
- simple -gather info and send to bipolar cells -cell body is separate like a leaf on a plant |
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Where are the bipolar neuron cells?
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examples include the retina
connect unipolar w/ganglia -in sensory systems, etc |
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_____ monitor neuronal activity and modify their own activity based on what they detect
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Glial Cells
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Facts about Neuronal Action
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- operated by moving ions across the membrane
-membrane is semi-permeable to ions that compose electrolytes -constantly active & reconstructing |
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If one neuron gets changed, what happens?
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The rest of the neurons in brain modify their action and rearrange
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When is it hardest to get a neuron to fire?
When can a neuron NOT fire? |
Harder when in the refractory period
Not possible when it is already firing |
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What is an ephaptic connection?
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Direct electrical connection
learning is an actual fusion of the connection |
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What is a neurotransmitter based connection?
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A chemical connection
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What is a simplistic breakdown of the midbrain/ mesencephalon?
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thalamus
hypothalamus some limbic and basal ganglial |
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During the first spurt (1-2 years) where is myelination primarily occuring?
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motor cortex
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During the 2nd spurt (3-5) where is myelination primarily occurring?
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parietal and temporal lobes
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During the 3rd spurt (5-9) years, what changes?
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overall mass increase
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During the 4th spurt (10+) what changes are occurring in the brain?
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links temporal to frontal, when personality becomes stable
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During the 5th spurt (@21yrs), what change in the brain occurs?
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frontal and prefrontal lobes become fully developed
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