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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Explanation Physiological |
Relates behavior to activity of the brain and other bodily organs |
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Biological Explanation Ontogenetic |
How a structure or behavior develops |
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Biological Explanation Evolutionary |
Understanding the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior. |
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Biological Explanation Functional |
Explains why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. |
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Mind-Brain Problem |
Are the mind and brain separate entities? |
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Dualism |
Yes the mind and brain are separate entities |
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Monism |
Either the brain or the mind exist, one or the other, not both |
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Materialism |
The monist belief that everything in the world is material and physical |
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Mentalism |
Monist belief that only the mind exists The Matrix |
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Identity position |
monist belief that mental processes and some brain processes are different explanations of the same thing |
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Coronal plane |
A front and back slice |
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Horizontal plane |
A top and bottom slice |
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Sagittal plane |
A left and right slice |
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Dorsal |
Toward the back Top of the brain |
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Ventral |
Toward the stomach |
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Anterior |
Toward the front end |
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Posterior |
Toward the rear end |
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Superior |
Above another part |
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Inferior |
Below another part |
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Lateral |
To the side, away from the midline |
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Medial |
Toward the midline |
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Ipsilateral |
On the same side of the body |
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Contralateral |
On the Opposite side of the body |
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Axons |
In CNS a set is called a tract In PNS a set is called a nerve |
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Neuron Cell Bodies |
In CNS a cluster is called a nucleus In PNS a cluster is called a ganglion |
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Gyrus |
Protuberance on the surface of the brain |
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Sulcus |
A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another. A fissure is a long deep sulcus |
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Spinal Cord |
Each segment has a sensory nerve and a motor nerve on each side. Gray matter - cell bodies and dendrites White matter - myelinated axons send info to the brain |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Sympathetic nervous system - regulates bodily activities related to the expenditure of energy -fight or flight Parasympathetic nervous system - regulates bodily actions related to rest and conservation of energy |
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Hindbrain |
Posterior part of the brain -Medulla -Pons -Cerebellum |
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Medulla |
Enlarged extension of the spinal cord located in the skull Controls vital reflexes - breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, sneezing |
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Pons |
The bridge, axons from each hemisphere of the brain cross here |
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Reticular formation |
Within the medulla and pons descending portion controls motor areas of teh spinal cord ascending portion sends output to the cerebral cortex increasing arousal and attention in different areas |
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Raphe system |
Within the medulla and pons Sends axons to forebrain modifying brain's readiness to respond to stimuli |
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Cerebellum |
Important for - balance and coordination, shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli, determing timing of stimuli |
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Midbrain |
Tectum Tegmentum Substantia nigra |
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Tectum |
dorsal surface of the midbrain
Superior colliculus - vision processing Inferior colliculus - auditory processing |
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Tegmentum |
Includes neuclei for 3rd and 4th cranial nerves, parts of the reticular formation |
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Substantia nigra |
Origin of dopamine pathway related to readiness for movement |
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Forebrain |
Two hemispheres Surface called cerebral cortex |
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Thalamus |
sensory relay station - all sensory info (except olfactory info) passes through here before being sent to the cortex |
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Hypothalamus |
Communicates with both neurons and hormones, controls the pituitary gland. Important for motivated behaviors |
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Pituitary gland |
Endocrine gland - releases hormones that affect body organs and other glands |
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Basal ganglia |
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus Important for planning behaviors, aspects of memory and emotional expression |
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Hippocampus |
Important for storing memories |
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Ventricles |
filled with cerebral spinal fluid |
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Cerebral Cortex |
4 lobes -occipital -parietal -temporal -frontal |
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Occipital lobe |
Important for processing visual information Primary visual cortex |
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Parietal lobe |
Primary somatosensory cortex |
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Temporal lobe |
Primary auditory cortex Wernicke's area (left hemisphere for most people, important to understand speech) Processing complex visual info Control of emotional and motivational behaviors |
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Frontal lobe |
Primary motor cortex |
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Prefrontal cortex |
planning, conscious thought, working memory, inhibition of behavior |
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Binding problem |
We perceive two sensations at the same time, how do they combine? |
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Astrocytes |
Wraps around presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related neurons Helps reuptake of neurotransmitters |
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Microglia |
small cells that remove waste and work as part of the immune system |
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Oligodendrocytes |
form myelin in CNS |
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Schwann cells |
form myelin in PNS |
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Radial Glia |
guide migration of neurons during embryonic development |
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Blood brain barrier |
protective layer between circulatory system and brain |
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Electrical gradient |
difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's membrane |
