Biopsych Test 1

Front 1

thiamine

Back 1

Vitamin B1, deficits in it caused by malnutrition due and alcoholism causes severe memory loss.

Front 2

korsakoff's syndrome

Back 2

primary symptom is severe memory loss, occcured in the case of Jimmy G. due to a deficit in thiamine.

Front 3

jose delgado

Back 3

man who claimed to have found the taming center of the brain in a bull and could activate it by electricity. actually, could be any number of different effects that made the bull stop charging (Morgan's Canon)

Front 4

quasi experimental studies

Back 4

studies of groups of subjects that have been exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world. ie, things that would be unethical to control for, ie, alcoholism.

Front 5

case studies

Back 5

focus on a single case or subject.

Front 6

pure research

Back 6

reesearch motivated primarily by curiosity of the researcher

Front 7

applied research

Back 7

research intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind

Front 8

physiological psychology

Back 8

the division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through thte direct manipulation of the brain in controlled experiments - surgical and electrical methods of brain manipulation are most common

Front 9

psychopharmacology

Back 9

similar to physiological psychology, except that it focuses on the manipulation of neural activity and behavior with drugs.

Front 10

neuropsychology

Back 10

the study of the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients

Front 11

psychophysiology

Back 11

the division of biopsychology that studies the relation between the physiological activity and psychological processes. ie use of noninvasive measures such as EEG

Front 12

cognitive neuroscience

Back 12

younges division of biopsych. study the neural bases of cognition.

Front 13

comparative psychology

Back 13

division of biopsych that deals generally with the biology of behavior rather than specifically with the neural mechanisms of behavior.

Front 14

ethology

Back 14

type of comparative psychology in which animal behaviors are studied in their natural habitats.

Front 15

converging operations

Back 15

the combined approach of all the different categories of biopsychology where the strength of one approach compensates for the weakness of another.

Front 16

Egas Moniz

Back 16

man who developeed the prefrontal lobotomy

Front 17

CNS (Central Nervous System)

Back 17

the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine.

Front 18

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Back 18

the division of the nervous system that is located outside the skull and spine.

Front 19

somatic nervous system

Back 19

part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. Composed of afferent nerves and afferent nerves that carry signals to and from the CNS.

Front 20

descartes

Back 20

man who first proposed a philosophy that argued the universe is made of two elements, physical and mental

Front 21

cartesian dualism

Back 21

decartes's philosphy consisting of the idea that the human brain and the mind are seperate entities.

Front 22

physical aspect of cartesian dualism

Back 22

physical matter, which behaves according to the laws of nature and is thus a suitable object of scientific investigation.

Front 23

mental aspect of cartesian dualism

Back 23

the human mind (soul, self, or spirit) which lacks physical substance, controls human behavior, obeys no natural laws, and is thus the appropriate purview of the church.

Front 24

self awareness

Back 24

the extent to which an organism shows capability of becoming the object of its own attention.

Front 25

afferent nerves.

Back 25

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, so on to the CNS.

Front 26

efferent nerves

Back 26

carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

Front 27

monozygotic

Back 27

twins derived from the same ovum and therefore identical.

Front 28

dizygotic

Back 28

twins derived from two seperate ovum; therefore non-identical.

Front 29

heritability estimate

Back 29

not about individual development, but a numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occured in a particular trait in a particular study as a result of the genetic variation of that study.

Front 30

sociobiology

Back 30

a synthesis of scientific disciplines that attempts to explain social behavior in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages the behaviors may have.

Front 31

autonomic nervous system

Back 31

the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's internal environment.

Front 32

sympathetic nerves

Back 32

autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lubar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord.

Front 33

parasympathetic nerves

Back 33

autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord.

Front 34

dura mater

Back 34

outer layer of the meninges consisting of tough membrane

Front 35

arachnoid mater

Back 35

part of the meninges immediately inside the dura mater consisting of spider like membrane

Front 36

pia mater

Back 36

the delicate innermost layer of the meninges that adheres to the CNS.

Front 37

cerbrospinal fluid

Back 37

protective fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain.

Front 38

choroid plexus

Back 38

networks of capilaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater lining and produce cerbrospinal fluid.

Front 39

ventricular system (cerebral ventricles)

Back 39

consists of four large chambers in the brain, connects to the subarachnoid space and central canal through openings and allows flow of cerbrospinal fluid.

Front 40

central canal

Back 40

a small channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

Front 41

subarachnoid space

Back 41

part of meninges that is just below arachnoid membrane and contains many large blood vessels and cerbrospinal fluid.

Front 42

sinuses

Back 42

large blood-filled spaces space into which excess cerebrospinal fluid drains.

Front 43

hydrocephalus

Back 43

if the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked by a tumor, buildup of fluid causes the walls of the ventricles and brain to expand

Front 44

blood-brain barrier

Back 44

mechanism that prevents the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain.

Front 45

cell membrane

Back 45

the semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

Front 46

cytoplasm

Back 46

clear internal fluid of the neuronal cell

Front 47

cell body

Back 47

the metabolic center of the neuron; also called soma

Front 48

unipolar neurons

Back 48

a neuron with one process extending from its cell body.

Front 49

semipermeable

Back 49

allows only certain materials across the membrane

Front 50

dendrites

Back 50

the short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons.

Front 51

axons

Back 51

the long narrow process that projects from the cell body. carries the signal

Front 52

axon hillock

Back 52

the cone shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

Front 53

myelin sheath

Back 53

the fatty insulation around many axons. facilitates transmission of signals

Front 54

oligodendroglia

Back 54

one class of glial cells that wrap around the axons of someneurons of the CNS. these are rich in myelin and provides several myelin segments.

Front 55

schwann cells

Back 55

a class of glial cells in the PNS that can repair damaged neural tissue but can only make up one segment of myelin. reason that PNS can regenerate, and CNS cannot.

Front 56

nodes of ranvier

Back 56

the gaps between the sections of myelin.

Front 57

buttons

Back 57

the buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses.

Front 58

synapses

Back 58

the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted.

Front 59

multipolar neurons

Back 59

the makeup of most neurons; a neuron with more than 2 processes extending from its cell body.

Front 60

Bipolar neurons

Back 60

a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

Front 61

interneurons

Back 61

neurons with short axons or no axons at all. their function is to integrate the neural activity within a single brain structure; not conduct signals from one structure to another.

Front 62

glial cells

Back 62

several classes of nonneural cells in the central nervous system nervous system

Front 63

satellite cells

Back 63

non neural cells in the peripheral nervous system

Front 64

astrocytes (astroglia)

Back 64

the largest glial cells play a role in the passage of chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and perform several other functions

Front 65

microglia

Back 65

class of glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses.

Front 66

golgi stain

Back 66

a neural stain that completely darkens of few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes.

Front 67

nissl stain

Back 67

a neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies.

Front 68

electron microscopy

Back 68

a neural imaging technique that allows for the viewing of the details of the outside of neurons.

Front 69

myelin stain

Back 69

a technique used to view the myelin of neurons.

Front 70

medial

Back 70

toward the inside

Front 71

lateral

Back 71

toward the outside

Front 72

gray matter

Back 72

H-shaped (butterfly) in the middle of the spinal cord, composed mainly of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.

Front 73

white matter

Back 73

outside section of the spinal cord; made up of myelinated axons.

Front 74

dorsal horns

Back 74

the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter.

Front 75

ventral horns

Back 75

the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter.

Front 76

dorsal roots

Back 76

(sensory) afferent unipolar neurons attaching to the dorsal side of the spinal cord.

Front 77

ventral roots

Back 77

(motor) efferent multipolar neurons attaching to the ventral side of the spinal cord.

Front 78

dorsal root ganglia

Back 78

the bundle of cell bodies of unipolar neurons just before the connection with the spinal cord.

Front 79

myelencephalon

Back 79

the medulla, deepest part of the brain; involved in sleep, arousal, respiration, cardiac function. contains start of reticular formation.

Front 80

metencephalon

Back 80

contains cerebellum and pons. heavily involved in Control of movement, memory, cognition, sleep, arousal

Front 81

mesencephalon

Back 81

midbrain; auditory and visual, pain reducing center

Front 82

diencephalon

Back 82

contains the thalamus and massa intermedia, motivated behaviors, memory

Front 83

telencephalon

Back 83

cerebral hemispheres, largest outermost structure of the brain.

Front 84

neural tube

Back 84

the first primitive development of the human brainn

Front 85

Hind brain

Back 85

includes the myelencephalon and metencephalon

Front 86

Midbrain

Back 86

– includes the mesencephalon

Front 87

Forebrain

Back 87

diencephalons and telencephalon

Front 88

Cerebral hemispheres

Back 88

– split by the longitudinal and central fissure. The four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

Front 89

Brain stem

Back 89

the stem on which the cerebral hemispheres sit

Front 90

Medulla

Back 90

another name for the myencephalon

Front 91

Reticular Formation

Back 91

contained within the hind brain. Plays a role in arousal.
Reticular Activating System

Front 92

Cerebellum

Back 92

sits on the brainstem. An important sensorimotor structure.

Front 93

Thalamus

Back 93

large, two-lobed structure on top of the brain stem, joined by the massa intermedia.

Front 94

Hypothalamus

Back 94

located below the thalamus, plays role in motivated behaviors.

Front 95

Sensory Relay Nuclei

Back 95

nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and transmit them to appropriate areas of the sensory cortex.

Front 96

Lateral and Geniculate Nuclei and Ventral Posterior Nuclei

Back 96

important in the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems.

Front 97

Mammillary Bodies

Back 97

on diencephalon, part of the hypothalamus, pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface behind pituitary. Involved in memory functioning, korsakoffs syndrome.

Front 98

Optic Chiasm

Back 98

point whre the optic nerves cross

Front 99

Decussate

Back 99

cross over to the other side of the brain

Front 100

Gyri

Back 100

bumps on cortex

Front 101

Gyrus

Back 101

valleys on cortex

Front 102

Fissures

Back 102

– ridge separating sections of cortex

Front 103

Commisures

Back 103

tracts that go back and forth between hemispheres.

Front 104

Corpus Callosum

Back 104

largest commisure between hemispheres can cause split brain syndrome,

Front 105

Neocortex

Back 105

has six layers

Front 106

Frontal Lobe

Back 106

part of cortex involved with movement

Front 107

Temporal Lobe

Back 107

part of cortex involved in somatosensory, self awareness, contralateral neglect.

Front 108

Parietal Lobe

Back 108

part of cortex involved in auditory, memory; contralateral neglect

Front 109

Occipital Lobe

Back 109

part of cortex involved in vision only.

Front 110

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 110

seperates left and right hemispheres

Front 111

Postcentral Gyrus

Back 111

body sensation

Front 112

Prefrontal cortex

Back 112

part of cortex with association, planning ahead, working memory. Not fully developed until late teens early 20s.

Front 113

Limbic System

Back 113

regulation of motivated behaviors (the four F’s)

Front 114

Basal Ganglia

Back 114

having to do with controlled movement.

Front 115

Hippocampus

Back 115

memory center

Front 116

Amygdala

Back 116

emotion learning

Front 117

Fornix

Back 117

tract of limbic system

Front 118

Cingulate Cortex

Back 118

encircles the dorsal thalamus

Front 119

Caudate

Back 119

tail like, sweeps out of amydala

Front 120

Putamen

Back 120

center of caudate.

Front 121

Striatum

Back 121

caudate and the putamen combined.

Front 122

Globus Pallidus

Back 122

between striatum and thalamus.

Front 123

Pons

Back 123

in metencephalon just in front of cerebellum around reticular formation. Having to do with sleep and arousal

Front 124

Tectum

Back 124

dorsal section of mesencephalon; contain superior and inferior colliculi. visual and auditory relays.

Front 125

Tegmentum

Back 125

ventral section of mesencephalon; contains red nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal grey matter.

Front 126

superior colliculus

Back 126

part of tectum, visual relay

Front 127

inferior colliculus

Back 127

part of tectum, auditory relay

Front 128

red nucleus

Back 128

involved in movement; coord between cerebellum and cortex

Front 129

substantia nigra

Back 129

made up of dopamine neurons project to basal ganglia for movement. PARKINSONS DISEASE

Front 130

periaqueductal grey matter

Back 130

surrounds cerebral aqueduct. impicated in ANALGESIA