Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 3 functional units of brain organization?
Who came up with them? What do they regulate? |
First Functional Unit
Second Functional Unit Third Functional Unit Luria They regulate sleep/waking |
|
|
What is the First Functional Unit
|
Structures that regulate/maintain optimal cortical tone (sleep/waking processes, levels of arousal, attention)
|
|
|
What is the 2nd Functional Unit of Luria's for sleep/waking?
|
Structures & processes assoc w/acquisition & retention of info (sensation, perception, memory)
|
|
|
What is the 3rd Functional Unit of Luria's for sleep/waking?
|
Structures & processes assoc w/initiation, regulation, & verification of Bx
|
|
|
Which is NOT true about sleep:
a. fluctuates in activity, brain/body interactions b. is an active process c. is taken for granted d. stops once you are awake |
d. fundamental sleep/arousal systems are involved in all waking processes. Arousal underlies all aspects of brain and psych functioning
|
|
|
What is Optimal Cortical Tone
|
a person's ideal degree of alertness for a given task
Described by Luria First functional unit |
|
|
Which of the below is (are) true about normal sleep?
a. Sleep should be btwn 6-13 hrs b. SOL is <30 c. Sleep is subjectively satisfying d. Sleep architecture stays the same across the lifespan e. abc f. all of the above |
e. Sleep architecture changes across the niht & across the course of development & maturation
|
|
|
What is Sleep Onset Latency?
|
the average amount of time it takes someone to fall asleep on most nights. It is less than 30 min
|
|
|
What does the sleep state represent?
|
A great effort by the nervous system, metabolism, and synchrony.
|
|
|
What is one of the vegetative signs of most of the major Axis I & II pathologies?
|
Sleep disturbances
|
|
|
What is the easiest measure of sleep quality?
|
EEG
|
|
|
How many stages of NON-REM sleep are there?
|
4
|
|
|
What occurs during NREM Stage I?
|
5 minutes long
The brains decision to progress to deeper sleep; ends w/complete disconnection of sensory awareness |
|
|
What occurs during NREM Stage II?
|
subjective sleep; brain's effort to establish & maintain sleep
EEG shows Phasic Phenomena - assoc w/either no mental activity or incomplete, disjointed mentations |
|
|
What occurs during NREM Stage III?
|
Beginning of deep, slow wave sleep. Proportional to the amount of physical effort exerted during the day.
- part of deep electrographic sleep -assoc w/no or minimal mental activity |
|
|
Describe Stage IV of NREM?
|
deep, slow wave sleep
-like Stage III it is proportional to daily physical activity & assoc w/no mental activity |
|
|
What is an Epoch of EEG?
|
30sec; a unit of time of EEG activity
-based on time for paper to pass 1 page of EEG paper |
|
|
What are alpha waves?
|
predominantly from occipital lobe; state of relaxation.
-can be experienced by advanced meditators when they are meditating - REM sleep |
|
|
What are theta waves? What sleep stages do you see these in?
|
>50% - Stage 1 NREM
>50% & no alpha - Stage II Some in Stage III |
|
|
What is a K Complex?
|
Stage II sleep; part of phasic phenomena
consistent clusters of activity in EEG |
|
|
What are sleep spindles? What phase do they appear in?
|
Stage II w/k complexes
|
|
|
What is the Phasic Phenomena?
|
Sleep spindles & k-complexes
|
|
|
What is the difference between NREM stage 1 & 2 and 3&4?
|
3&4 are restorative because they have more delta (big slow waves)
|
|
|
What is the EEG montage?
|
The array of electrodes on the scalp.
|
|
|
Describe Stage IV of NREM?
|
deep, slow wave sleep
-like Stage III it is proportional to daily physical activity & assoc w/no mental activity |
|
|
What does the EEG tell you about sleep?
|
car exhaust. It is vague but reps some function of cortical & subcortical activity
|
|
|
What are theta waves? What sleep stages do you see these in?
|
>50% - Stage 1 NREM
>50% & no alpha - Stage II Some in Stage III |
|
|
Describe Stage IV of NREM?
|
deep, slow wave sleep
-like Stage III it is proportional to daily physical activity & assoc w/no mental activity |
|
|
What are sleep spindles? What phase do they appear in?
|
Stage II w/k complexes
|
|
|
What is the Phasic Phenomena?
|
Sleep spindles & k-complexes
|
|
|
What is the difference between NREM stage 1 & 2 and 3&4?
|
3&4 are restorative because they have more delta (big slow waves)
|
|
|
What are theta waves? What sleep stages do you see these in?
|
>50% - Stage 1 NREM
>50% & no alpha - Stage II Some in Stage III |
|
|
Which stages of sleep are associated with various parasomnias?
|
Stages of III & IV NREM
|
|
|
On an EEG, what does Stage IV sleep pattern resemble?
|
a coma
|
|
|
What do a lot of PGO spikes and Saw Tooth Waves show?
|
Dreaming during REM sleep
|
|
|
What does Emergent Stage I REM sleep look like on EEG?
|
alpha and beta activity w/saw-tooth waves and PGO spikes
|
|
|
How long are REM episodes? Do they change?
|
They change throughout the night; start at 5 minutes and end at 20 minutes.
Occur in 90 min intervals |
|
|
What does REM sleep reflect?
|
-amount of cognitive activity from the day
-exposure to new kinds of info -memory processes (consolidation & removal of old stuff) -protein synthesis & synaptogenesis |
|
|
What is a REM Intrusion?
|
an indication of sleep deprivation
|
|
|
What part of the brain is off during REM sleep?
What might this explain? |
prefrontal cortex (volition, morality, intention, etc)
-may explain why dreams are disorg & illogical |
|
|
Motor activity during EEG REP sleep - is it possible?
|
Yes but it may reflect a pathological (or abnormal) condition
|
|
|
What is REM rebound?
How do we usually interpret them? |
a mini-withdrawal; shows you can experience w/drawal from a REM blocker after one dose (such as alcohol)
-features inc'd length & freq of REM episodes -usually interpreted as a nightmare |
|
|
Who gets more REM - an infant or a teenager?
|
Infant (especially 3 &4)
|
|
|
What are the greatest enemies of sleep?
|
Age (starting at 25, then 45, then 65)
Sleep Deprivation Drugs Pain/Illness Lifestyle |
|
|
At what ages are parasomnias considered more normal?
|
3 & 4
|
|
|
What are the biological mechanisms behind sleep?
|
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
and 5HT, ACh, and GABA |
|
|
What is the ARAS?
|
Ascending Reticular Activating Systems
|
|
|
What is the MRF?
|
Mesencephalic Reticular Formation; Source of arousal
Connected with the Locus Coeruleus |
|
|
What is the LC?
|
Locus Coeruleus; source of NEPI norepinephrine
|
|
|
What is the order of the ARAS?
|
brain arousal = MRF-->LC-->DTS --> cortex-->anterior cortex -->MyRF-->RN-->MRF
Body arousal = MRF --> LC-->PH-->adrenals |
|
|
What is the DTS?
|
crossroads of everything in the brain; sends stimulation to everything in the cortex
-Diffuse Thalamic System aka Intrinsic thalamic nuclei |
|
|
How do you wake up?
|
Diffuse Thalamic System sends out excitation to all of the cortex
|
|
|
Anterior Cortex (cingulate gyrus, frontal lobesk, basal forebrain)
|
-monitors level of arousal
-if you wake up & feel wide awake, this sends message to posterior MRF (myelencephalic reticular formation) |
|
|
Raphe Nucleus
|
source of serotonin in the brain
- gets a signal from posterior MRF and this either inhibits or dishibits the MRF to wake you up |
|
|
The Locus Coeruleus activates the posterior hypothalamus in ARAS- what does this accomplish?
|
Adrenaline and the wakening of your body
|
|
|
What happens during sleep paralysis?
Sleep walking? |
ARAS activated your DTS but not the posterior hypothalamus
The reverse |
|
|
What are the types of apneas?
|
Obstructive
Central Mixed Cheyne-Stokes SID (Hering-Breuer reflex) |
|
|
What is nocturnal myoclonus?
|
-actual movement while falling asleep (commonly kicking)
|
|
|
What is one cause for ADD diagnosis?
|
A kid w/apnea - doesn't get sleep
|
|
|
What neurochemical keeps the cortex under inhibitory control during NREM sleep?
a. 5HT b. GABA c. ACh d. None of the above |
a.
5HT inhibits the NEPI system to maintain slow wave sleep in NREM |
|
|
Which chemical reduces inhibition to cortex and marks onset of REM sleep? This one also marks the end of REM sleep to bring back a slow wave pattern.
a. GABA b. Serotonin c. Adrenalin d. Acetylcholine |
d. ACh
|
|
|
What takes over to maintain sleep state in the cortex during REM?
a. 5HT b. GABA c. ACh d. GABA blockers |
b. after ACh has reduced inhibition of 5HT in the cortex, GABA takes over
|
|
|
What neurochemical appears to be necessary for REM phenomena (saw tooth waves & PGO Spikes) and conscious dreams?
|
GABA
|
|
|
What blocks conscious dreams, PGO Spikes, saw tooth waves, and REM?
a. GABA b. ACh c. GABA blockers d. Adrenalin |
c. gaba blockers
|
|
|
Which type of insomnia are anxiety disorders linked with?
a. onset b. maintenance c. early morning waking d. obstructive |
a. onset
|
|
|
Which type of insomnia are ruminative/worry disorders linked with?
a. onset b. maintenance c. early morning waking d. mixed |
maintenance, b
|
|
|
Which type of insomnia are depressive disorders linked with?
a. onset b. maintenance c. early morning waking d. central |
early morning waking, c
|
|
|
__a____ time sets the clock better than ___b___ time in circadian rhythm disorders
options: sleeping, waking, bed |
a- waking
b- sleeping |
|
|
What is the one medication that can induce natural sleep?
a. Valerian b. diphenhydramine c. Luminal d. Rozerem |
d. stimulates melatonin receptors, which triggers natural sleep process w/almost no side effects, slow development of tolerance, and little/no dependence
|
