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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 3 types of Traumatic Head Injuries
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Open head injuries
Closed head injuries Shearing injury |
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There are 3 categories of head injuries. Describe them briefly
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Mild -usually brief (secs) loss of consciousness; no neuro signs; CSF negative
Moderate - LOC minutes-hours; + neuro signs; CSF may be + for blood/protein; imaging may show damage Severe - prolonged LOC/coma; + neuro signs; decerebrate or decorticate spasm; CSF is +; imagine shows obvious damage |
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Traumatic Head Injuries:
Open Head Injury Describe |
Involve a penetrating injury to the skull. Most dangerous type
Damage involves - tissue loss, brain swelling, & infection |
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What are the major etiologies of brain damage?
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-Trauma (open or closed)
-Vascular (growing in freq b/c of lifestyle factors) -Neoplastic (tumors) - Metabolic (anoxia - sleep apnea, alcohol) - Infectious -Toxic (over-med) -Surgical (anoxia b/c of anesthesia) -Epileptic |
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Traumatic Head Injuries:
Closed Head Injury Describe |
Most common; no breach of skull; usually after sudden bunt impact, acceleration or deceleration injury, or shearing
Concussion, Contusion, post-concussion syndrome |
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What is the most dangerous & difficult to treat type of traumatic brain injury?
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OHI (Open brain/head injury)
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What is the most common type of traumatic brain injury
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mTBI - think concussions, sports
and Closed brain (head) Injury (CHI) which is a mild type of mTBI |
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What are the effects of TBI?
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-Tissue loss (irreparable CNS damage)
-Tissue Swelling or Edema (think hydrocephalus - build up of CSF) -Epilepsy -can cause severe metabolic damage |
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What is the biggest change you notice in someone after a mTBI?
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Personality
- often 1st seen as emotional changes & lead to interpersonal, job-related, and "self" conflicts |
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What are the mechanisms of mTBI?
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Concussion
Acceleration/deceleration Shearing/Diffuse Exonal Injury 2ndary Swelling Metabolic Changes (inc'd glucose & oxygen need; glutamate toxicity) |
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Traumatic Head Injuries:
Shearing Injury Describe |
A type of closed head injury
Commonly a result of MVA, falling down stairs & involves moving the cortex/stretching the fibers Severe- Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) |
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Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
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a diffuse pattern of axon death/dysfunction that can produce memory loss, concentration &/or attention deficits, spasticity, sensory changes
Can be extremely debilitating |
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Kennard's Law
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false;
states that early brain injury is easier to recover from |
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Post-Concussion Syndrome
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Usually appears w/in a few hours to 24hr after impact & can reflect degree of brain injury
Symptoms: headache, poor sleep, poor reasoning, fatigue, irritability, impotence |
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A "goose egg" appears on someone's forehead. What does this indicate?
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superficial contusion; doesn't necessarily reflect a cortical confusion
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Susie experienced a high speed brain injury and appears to recover within a few days. A week later she is having memory & concentration problems. What might this be a sign of?
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A mild form of a Diffuse Anxonal Injury
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Concussions:
Coup/Contre-coup injury |
Coup = site of impact; impact concussions produce some damage here
Contrecoup =opposite side of brain; caused by brain rebound & pressure of impact; damage often worse here |
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What are the mechanisms of brain injury?
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Rotational acceleration
Linear acceleration Carotid injuries (circle of willis) |
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Second Impact Syndrome
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-happens w/a minor impact occurs w/in 4 days of prior concussion
-can result in catastrophic inc in intracranial pressure (brain swelling) -most often in athletes <24 |
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What are some types of Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)?
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Embolic
Thrombotic Thrombo-embolic Aneurysm Hemorrhagic Arteriovenous Malformation |
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Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
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- strokes are most common
-possible conseq is hemorrhaging - age is a factor -lifestyle is a big component (sedentary, high-fat, & fam history) -slow recovery w/extensive rehab -correction possible IF fast |
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What are some warning signs of a CVA?
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Sudden
- numbness/weakness (esp unilateral) - confusion, speech probs - probs w/vision - dizziness, trouble walking, loss of balance - severe headache |
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Describe an Embolic CVA
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Charac: floating clot blocks blood flow
- no warning -assoc w/other diseases or poor cardiovascular health -rapid onset of cognitive signs -can cause permanent damge if not treated quickly (ex. roto-rooter) |
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Describe a Thrombotic CVA
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Charac: LDL deposits in walls & blood flow decreases over time; can eventually lead to transient ischemic attack (TIA)
-often appears in early morning w/low blood pressure |
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What are Transient Ischemic Attacks?
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TIAs
-"mini strokes" temporary & usually resolve w/in 24 hrs -warn person of impending stroke |
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Describe a
Thrombo-Embolic CVAs |
combo of Thrombotic & Embolic CVAs
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Describe an
Aneurysm |
-weakened vessel suddenly "balloons" w/systolic blood pressure spike
-sudden & intense painful onset -likely to recur even if "girdled" |
