Biopsych Chapter 9

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sexually dimorphic behavior

Back 1

a behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females

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gamete

Back 2

a mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum

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sex chromosome

Back 3

the X and Y chromosomes, which determine an organism's gender. Normally, XX individuals are female, and XY are male

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gonad

Back 4

an ovary or testis

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Sry

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the gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the uniffereentiated fetal gonads to develop testes

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organizational effect (of hormone)

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The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development

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activational effect (of hormone)

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the effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones

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Mullerian system

Back 8

the embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs

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Wolfian system

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the embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs

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anti-Mullerian hormone

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a peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Mullerian system, which would otherwise become the femal internal sex organs

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defeminizing effect

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an effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females

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androgen

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a male sex steroid hormone. Testosteron is the principal mammalian androgen

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masculinizing effect

Back 13

an effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males

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testosterone

Back 14

the principal androgen found in males

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dihydrotestosterone

Back 15

an androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme

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androgen insensitivity syndrome

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a condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs

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persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

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A condition cuased by a congenital lack of anti-Mullerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs

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Turner's syndrome

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The presence of only on sex chromosome (an X0 chromosome); characterized by lack of overies but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia

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gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone

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gonadrotopic hormone

Back 20

a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

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a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corups luteum

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estradiol

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the principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans

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estrogen

Back 24

a class of sex hormones that cause maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features of characterisitc of females

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menstrual cycle

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the female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, develpment of a corups luteum and if pregnancy does not occur, menstration

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estrous cycle

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the female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates

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ovarian follicle

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a cluster of epithlial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum

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corpus luteum

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a cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone

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progesterone

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a steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endomtrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles

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refractory period

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a period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male) during which that action cannot occur again

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coolidge effect

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the restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparenty become exhausted by sexual activity

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lordosis

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a signal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters

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pheromone

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a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted

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Lee-Boot effect

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the slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animal's urine; first observed in mice

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Whitten effect

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the synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male's urine

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Vandenbergh effect

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The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male's urine; first observed in mice

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vemeronsal organ (VNO)

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a sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially which a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones

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accessory olfactory bulb

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a neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the vomeronasal organ

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congential adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

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a condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia

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media preopitc area (MPA)

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An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior

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sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

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a nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior

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periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

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the region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an esential role in various species typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior

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nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi)

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a nucleus of the medulla that recieves input from the medial preoptic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males

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venteromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH)

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a large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the third ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behavior

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parturition

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the act of giving birth