Biopsych Chapter 8

Front 1

SMOOTH MUSCLES

Back 1

Type of vetebrate muscles.

Control movements of internal organs.

Front 2

SKELETAL/STRIATED MUSCLES

Back 2

Type of vertebrate muscles.

Control body movements in relation to the environment.

Front 3

CARDIAC MUSCLES

Back 3

A.K.A. HEART MUSCLES

Type of vertebrate muscles.

Properties are intermediate between smooth and skeletal muscles.

Front 4

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS

Back 4

Synapse where a motor neuron axon meets a muscle fiber.

Front 5

ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

Back 5

Apposing sets of muscles.

ex: extensor and flexor

Front 6

MYASENTHIA GRAVIS

Back 6

Auto-immune disease.

Immune suysten attacks acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions.

Front 7

FAST-TWITCH FIBERS

Back 7

Anaerobic muscles.

Produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly.

Front 8

SLOW TWITCH FIBERS

Back 8

Aerobic muscles.

Produce less vigorous contractions without fatiguing

Front 9

ANAEROBIC

Back 9

Uses reactions that do not require oxygen at the time.

Front 10

AEROBIC

Back 10

Uses oxygen during movement.

Front 11

STRETCH REFLEX

Back 11

Reflexive contraction of a muscle in response to it stretching.

Caused by a stretch--does not produce one.

Front 12

GOLGI-TENDON ORGAN

Back 12

Type of proprioceptor.

Responds to increases in muscle tension.

Front 13

REFLEXES

Back 13

Consistent automatic response to stimuli.

Front 14

GRASP REFLEX

Back 14

Infant's reflexive grasp of an object placed firmly in its hand.

Front 15

ROOTING REFLEX

Back 15

Infant's reflexive head turning and sucking after a touch on the cheek.

Front 16

BALLISTIC MOVEMENT

Back 16

A type of movement.

Once initiated, it cannot be altered or corrected.

Must be executed as a whole.

Front 17

CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS

Back 17

Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord or elsewhere.

Generate rhythmic patterns of motor output.

Front 18

MOTOR PROGRAMS

Back 18

Fixed sequence of movement.

Front 19

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

Back 19

Stimulation elicits movement in vertebrate muscles.

Front 20

POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX

Back 20

Keeps track of the body's position in relation to its environment.

Some neurons respond to visual stimuli, some to current and future movements.

Some respond to a combination of the two.

Front 21

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Back 21

Responds to lights, noise, and other sensory signals that lead to movement.

Calculates probable actions and consequences or values thereof.

Front 22

PREMOTOR CORTEX

Back 22

Active during preparation for a movement.

Partly active during the movement itself.

Front 23

SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX

Back 23

Most active just after a rapid series of movements.

Front 24

DORSOLATERAL TRACT

Back 24

Output path from the brain to the spinal cord.

Controls movements in peripheral areas.

Front 25

RED NUCLEUS

Back 25

Midbrain primarily responsible for controlling arm muscles.

Front 26

VENTROMEDIAL TRACT

Back 26

Controls the neck, shoulder, and trunk muscles.

Front 27

CEREBELLAR CORTEX

Back 27

Surface of the cerebellum.

Front 28

PURKINJE CELLS

Back 28

Flat cells in sequential planes.

Transmits inhibitory messages to the nuclei of the cerebellum.

Front 29

NUCLEi OF THE CEREBELLUM

Back 29

Clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum.

Front 30

PARALLEL FIBERS

Back 30

Axons paralell to one another but perpendicular to the planes.

Front 31

BASAL GANGLIA

Back 31

Group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain.

Includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.

Receives and sends information to coordinate movements.

Front 32

OBSESSIVE-COMPLUSIVE DISORDER

Back 32

Marked by repetitive thoughts and actions the person knows are pointless or nonsensical.

Linked with increased activity in the caudate nucleus.

Front 33

PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Back 33

Condition daused by damage to dopamine pathways.

Results in slow movement, difficulty initiating movement, rigid muscles, and tremors.

Front 34

MPTP
MPP

Back 34

Chemicals known to be toxic to the dopamine containing cells in the substantia nigra.

Capable of producing symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Front 35

L-DOPA

Back 35

Precursor to dopamine.

Capable of crossing the blood brain barrier.

Front 36

STEM CELLS

Back 36

Immature cells that are capable of developing into a wide range of cell types depending on where they are located in the body.

Front 37

HUNTINTON'S DISEASE

Back 37

Inherited disorder.

First characterized by twitching, then tremors, then writhing.

Psychological symptoms include depression, impaired memory, hallucinations, and delusions.

Front 38

PRESYMPTOMATIC TEST

Back 38

Test to predict the onset of a disease.

Conducted before any symptoms appear.

Front 39

HUNTINGTIN

Back 39

Protein produced by the gene whose mutation leads to Huntington's disease.