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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what evidence indicated that humans have an internal biological clock?
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poeple who have lived in an environment with a light dark schedule much different than 24 hours fail to follow that schedule and instead become wakeful and sleepy on a 24 hour period
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why do people at the eastern edge of Germany awaken earlier than those at the western edge?
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the sun rises about half an hour earlier on the eastern side. the sun control waking-sleeping schedules even when people follow the same clock pattern.
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what evidence strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?
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SCN cells produce a circadian rhythm of activity even if they are kept in cell culture isolated from the rest of the body.
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how does light reset the biological clock?
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a branch of the optic nerve, the retinohypothalic path, conveys info about light to the SCN. the axons comprising that path originate from special ganglion cells that respond to light by themselves, even if they do not receive input from rods and cones
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how do the proteins Tim and Per relate to sleepiness in Drosophila
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the proteins Tim and Per accumulate during the wakeful period. when the each a high enough level, they trigger sleepiness and turn off the genes that produce them. therefore their levels decline until they reach a low enough level for wakefulness to begin anew.
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what do long, slow EEG waves indicate?
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long slow waves indicate a low level of activity, with much synchrony of response among neurons.
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how can an investigator determine whether a sleeper is in REM sleep?
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examine EEG patter and eye movements
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during which part of a nights sleep is REM most common?
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REM becomes more common toward the end of the night's sleep
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what would happen to the sleep-wake schedule of someone who took a drug that blocked GABA?
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they would remain awake.
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why do most anithistamines make people drowsy?
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the basal forebrain and the pontomesencephalon use histamine as their neurotransmitter to increase arousal.
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what would happen to the sleep-wake schedule of someone who lacked orexin (hypocretin)?
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someone without orexin (hypocretin) would alternate between brief periods of waking and sleeping
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what kinds of people are most likely to develop sleep apnea?
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sleep apnea is most common among people with a genetic predispostiion, old people, and overweight people, middle-aged men.
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what is the relationship between orexin and narcolepsy?
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Orexin (hyopcretin) is important for staying awake. therefore, people or animals lacking either orexin or receptors for orexin develop narcolepsy, characterized by bouts of sleepiness during the day.
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do memories become improved during sleep by strengthening or weakening synapses?
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the evidence so far points to weakening the synapses that were not strengthened during the day. weakening these less relevant synapses enables he strengthened ones to stand out by contrast.
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what kinds of individuals get more REM sleep than others?
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much REM sleep is more typical of the young than the old, of those who get much sleep than those who get little, and of species that sleep much during the day and are unlikely to get attacked during their sleep.
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what is a ket point of disagreement between the activation synthesis hypothesis and the clinico-anatomical hypothesis?
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the activation synthesis hypothesis puts much more emphasis on the importance of the pons, and states that a dream represents the brains effort to make sense of sparse, distorted info. the clinico-anatomical hypothesis emphasizes that dreams begin with arousing stimuli that are generated within the brain combined with recent memories and any info from the senses.
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