Biopsych Ch 7

Front 1

forebrain

Back 1

prosencephalon- the frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Front 2

proencephalon

Back 2

telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 3

midbrain

Back 3

mesencephalon- the middle division of the brain

Front 4

hindbrain

Back 4

rhombencephalon- the rear division of the brain; in the mature vertebrate, the hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

Front 5

rhombencephalon

Back 5

cosisting of the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

Front 6

development of the nervous system six stages

Back 6

1. Neurogenesis, 2. cell migration 3. differentiation 4. synaptogenesis 5. Neuronal cell death 6. synapse rearrangement

Front 7

zygote

Back 7

the fertilized egg

Front 8

ectoderm

Back 8

the outer cellular layer of the developing fetus, giving rise to the skin and the nervous system

Front 9

neuronal groove

Back 9

in the developing embryo, the groove btw. the neural folds.

Front 10

neural tube

Back 10

an embryonic struc. w. subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Front 11

embryo

Back 11

the earliest stage in a developing animal

Front 12

fetus

Back 12

a developing individual after the embryo stage

Front 13

neurogenesis

Back 13

the mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons

Front 14

cell migration

Back 14

the massive movements of nerve cells or their precursors to establish distinct nerve cell populations (nuclei in the CNS, layers of the cerebral cortex and so on)

Front 15

differentiation

Back 15

____ of cells into distinctive types of neurons or glial cells

Front 16

synaptogenesis

Back 16

the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

Front 17

neuronal cell death

Back 17

the selective death of many nerve cells

Front 18

synapse rearrangement

Back 18

the loss of some synapses and development of others, to refine sysnaptic connections

Front 19

mitosis

Back 19

the process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA

Front 20

ventricular zone

Back 20

also called ependymal layer. A region lining the cerebral ventricles that displays mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life.

Front 21

cell--cell interactions

Back 21

the general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring cells

Front 22

cell migration

Back 22

the movement of cells from site of origin to final location

Front 23

radial glial cells

Back 23

glial cells that form early in development, spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres , and guide migrating neurons.

Front 24

cell adhesion molecule (CAM)

Back 24

a protein found on the surface of a cell that guides cell migration and/or axonal pathfinding

Front 25

retrograde degeneration

Back 25

destruction of the nerve cell body following injury to its axon

Front 26

anterograde degeneration

Back 26

also called wallerian degeneration- the loss of the distal portion of an axon resulting from injury to the axon

Front 27

notochord

Back 27

a midline struc. arising early in the embryonic development of vertebrates

Front 28

induction

Back 28

the process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighboring cells usually by secreting a chem. factor that changes gene expression in the target cells.

Front 29

regulation

Back 29

an adaptive response to early injury, as when developing individuals conpensate for missing or injured cells

Front 30

stem cell

Back 30

a cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce

Front 31

process outgrowth

Back 31

the extensive growth of axons and dnedrites

Front 32

synaptogenesis

Back 32

the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow.

Front 33

growth cone

Back 33

the growing tip of an axon or a dendirte

Front 34

filopodia

Back 34

very fine, tubular outgrowths from the growth cone.

Front 35

lamellipodia

Back 35

sheetlike extensions of a growth cone

Front 36

chemoattractants

Back 36

compounds that attract particular classes of growth cones.

Front 37

chemorepellants

Back 37

compounds that repel particular classes of growth cones.

Front 38

death gene

Back 38

a gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death (apoptosis)

Front 39

caspases

Back 39

a family of proteins that regulate cell death

Front 40

diablo

Back 40

a protein released by mitochondria in response to high calcium levels, that activates apoptosis

Front 41

inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)

Back 41

a family of proteins that inhibit caspases and thereby stave off apoptosis

Front 42

Bcl-2

Back 42

a family of proteins that regulate apoptosis by preventing diablo release from mitochondria

Front 43

neurotrophic factor (trophic factor)

Back 43

a target dervived chemical that acts as if it feeds certain neurons to help them survive.

Front 44

nerve growth factor (NGF)

Back 44

a susbstance that markedly affects the growth of neurons in spinal ganglia and in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 45

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Back 45

a protein purified from the brains of animals that can keep some classes of neurons alive

Front 46

neurotrophin

Back 46

a chemical that prevents neurons from ddying

Front 47

synapse rearrangement

Back 47

also called synaptic remodeling. The loss of some synapses and the development of others; a refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development.

Front 48

chemoaffinity hypothesis

Back 48

the notion that each cell has a chemical identity that directs it to synapse on he proper target cell during development

Front 49

multiple sclerosis

Back 49

disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin

Front 50

genotype or genome

Back 50

all the genetic info that one specific individual has inherited

Front 51

phenotype

Back 51

the sum of an individual's physical characteristics at one particular time

Front 52

mutation

Back 52

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a result of unfaithful replication

Front 53

mutant

Back 53

an animal carrying a gene that differs from the norm or from the alleles carried by its parents

Front 54

identifiable neurons

Back 54

neurons that are large and similar from one individual to the next, enabling investigators to recognize them and give them names.

Front 55

site directed mutagenesis

Back 55

a technique in molecular biology that changes the sequence of nucleotides in an existing gene.

Front 56

knockout organism

Back 56

an individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter

Front 57

transgenic

Back 57

referring to an animal in which a new or altered gene has bee deliberately introduced into the genome.

Front 58

amblyopia

Back 58

reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments

Front 59

binocular deprivation

Back 59

depriving both eyes of form vision, as by sealing the eyelids

Front 60

sensitive period

Back 60

the period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment

Front 61

monocular deprivation

Back 61

depriving one eye of light

Front 62

ocular dominance histogram

Back 62

a graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye

Front 63

Hebbian synapse

Back 63

a synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell.

Front 64

hypoxia

Back 64

a transient lack of oxygen

Front 65

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Back 65

an inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing mental retardation

Front 66

down syndrome

Back 66

mental retardation that is associated with an extra copy of chromosome 21

Front 67

fragile X syndrome

Back 67

a condition that is a frequent cause of inherited mental retardation; produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to braking because the DNA there is unstable

Front 68

trinucleotide repeat

Back 68

repetition of the same three nucleotides within a gene, which can lead to dysfunction, as in the cases of Huntington's disease and fragile X Syndrome

Front 69

behavioral teratology

Back 69

thestudy of impairments in behavior that are produced by embryonic or fetal exposure to toxic substances

Front 70

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 70

a disorder including mental retardation and characteristic facial anomalies that affects children exposed to alcohol (through maternal ingestion) during fetal development

Front 71

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Back 71

syndrome of distractability, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity which, in children, interferes with school performance.

Front 72

autism

Back 72

a disorder arising during childhood, characterized by social withdrawal and perseverative (such as by continually nodding the head or making stereotyped finger movements)behavior

Front 73

perseverate

Back 73

to continue to show a behavior repeatedly

Front 74

asperger's syndrome

Back 74

sometimes called high-functioning autism. A syndrome characterized by difficulties in social cognitive processing; usually accompanied by strong language skills.

Front 75

Alzheimer's disease

Back 75

a form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged

Front 76

dementia

Back 76

drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation

Front 77

senile dementia

Back 77

a neurological disorder of the aged that is characterized by progressive behavioral deterioration, including personality change and profound intellectual decline. It includes, but is not limited to, alzheimer's disease.

Front 78

senile plaques (amyloid plaques)

Back 78

small areas of the brain that have abnormal cellular and chemical patterns. senile plaques corelate with senile dementia

Front 79

beta amyloid

Back 79

a protein that accumulates in senile plaques in alzheimers disease

Front 80

neurofibrillary tangle

Back 80

an abnormal whorl of neurofilaments within nerve cells.

Front 81

tau

Back 81

a protein associated with neurofibrillary tangles in alzheimer's disease

Front 82

amyloid precursor protein (APP)

Back 82

a protein that, when cleaved by several enzymes, produces beta amyloid.

Front 83

beta-secretase

Back 83

an enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming beta amyloid, which can lead to alzheimer's disease.

Front 84

presenilin

Back 84

an enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein, forming beta-amyloid, which can lead to alzheimer's disease

Front 85

apolipoprotein E (ApoE)

Back 85

a protein that may help break down amyloid.