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392 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Olfactory nerve |
smell |
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optic nerve
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vision
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oculomotor nerve
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eyeball and eyelid movement
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trochlear nerve
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eyeball movement
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tragenniral nerve
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sensory information from the face chewing
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Abuducent nerve
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eyeball movement
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Facial nerve
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facial muscle salivary glands taste
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Vestibular cochlear nerve |
hearing balance
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glosso pharyngeal nerve |
pharnyx taste at the bac of your tounge
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vagus nerve
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innevates gut organs taste control sensory guts
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Acessory nerve
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back and neck muscles
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hypoglossal nerve
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movement of the toungue
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Telencephalon
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/forebrain/ lateral ventricle cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system
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Diencephalon
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/forebrain/ third ventricle thalamus hypothalamus
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mesencephalon
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/midbrain/ cerebral aquedut tectum tegmentum
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metencephalon
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/hind brain/ fourth ventricle cerebellum pons
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mylencephalon |
/hind brain/ medulla oblongata |
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Sensory Neuron
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A neuron that detects changes in the external or internal enviornment that sends information about these changes to the central nervous system
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Motor Neuron
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A neuron located in the central nervous system that controls the contraction of a muscle or gland
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Inter–neuron
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A Neuron located entirely within the CNS they are in between the motor and sensory neurons
Local inter–neurons form circuts with nearby neurons and analyze small pieces of information |
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Central Nervous system
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the brain and the spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous system
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the part of the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord including the neurons attached to the brain and the spinal cord
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Soma
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The cell body of a neuron which contains the nucleus
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Dendrite
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A branched tree–like structure attached to the soma of a neuron recieves information from the terminal buttons of another neuron
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Synapse
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A junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron
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Axon
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The long tin cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a nueron to its terminal buttons
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Multipolar neuron
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A neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma
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Bipolar Neuron
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A neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma usually sensory dendrites detect events occuring in the enviornment
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Uni Polar neuron
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A neuron with one axon attached to its soma the axon divides with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information to the central nervous system
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Terminal Button
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The bud at the end of a branch of an axon forms synapses with another neuron sends information to that neuron
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Neurotransmitter
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A chemical that is released by a terminal button has an excitatory efffect on another neuron
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Membrane
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A structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell ans also constitutes many of the cell organelles
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Cytoplasm
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The viscous semi–liquid substance contained in the interior of a cell
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Mitochondria
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An organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism it's breakdown liberates energy
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Nucleus
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A structure in the central region of a cell containing the chromosones
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Chromosone
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A strand of DNA with associated proteins found in the nucleus carries genetic information
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DNA
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A long complex macro molecule consisting of two interconnected helical strands along with associated protein strands of dna constitute a chromosone
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Gene
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The functional unit of the chromosone which directs synthesis of one or more proteins
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Cytoskeleton
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Support structure formed of microtubules and other protein fibers that are linked to each other to form a cohesive mass that gives a cell its shape
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Enzyme
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A molecule that controls a chemical reaction combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts
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Axoplasmic Transport
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An active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon
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Microtubules
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a long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place in a cell
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Glia
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the supporting cells of the central nervous system
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Astrocyte
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A glial cell that provides support for neurons in the central nervous system provides nutrients and other substances and regulates the chemical composition of the extra cellular fluid
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Phagocytosis
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the process by which cells engulf and and digest other cells or debris caused by celular degeneration
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Oligodenrocyte
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A type of glial cell in the CNS that forms the mylien sheaths
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Mylien Sheath
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A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them preventing messages from spreading to adjacent axons
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Node of Ranvier
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A naked portion of the mylienated axon between adjacent ogliodendro glia or schwann cells
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Microglia
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The smallest of glial cells they act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms
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Schwann cell
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A cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a mylienated axon providing one segment of its mylienated sheath
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Blood brain barrier
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semi permeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain capilaries
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Area Postrema
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a region of the medulla where the blood brain barrier is weak poisons can be detected there and initiate vomiting
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Electrode
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A conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation or to record electrical potentials
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Micro electrode
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A very fine electrode generally used to record activity of individual neurons
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Membrane potential
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the electrical charge across a cell membrane. the difference in the potential inside and outside a cell
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Oscilloscope
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A laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube
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Resting potential
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the membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory inhibitory post synaptic potentials approx –70mV in the giant squid axon
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Depolarization
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Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential
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Hyperpolarization
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An increase in the membrane potential of a cell relative to its normal resting potential
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Action Potential
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The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon
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Threshold of excitation
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the value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential
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Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to low concentration
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Electrolyte
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An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes namely a soluble acid base or salt
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Ion
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A charged molecule cations are positively charged anions are negatively charged
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Electrostatic Pressure
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the attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign
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Intracellular fluid
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the fluid contained within the cells
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Extracellular fluid
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Body fluids located outside the cells
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Sodium potassium transporter
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A protein found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell
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Ion channel
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A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells
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Voltage dependent Ion channel
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An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of membrane potential
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All or none law
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the principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon it is propagated without decrement to the end of the fiber
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Rate law
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the principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which an axon fires
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Saltatory conduction
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Conduction of action potentials by mylienated axons. the action potentials appear to jump from one node of ranvier to the next
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Post synaptic potential
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Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron produced by liberation of neurotransmitters in the synapse
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Binding site
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the location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds
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Dendritic spine
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A small bud on the surface of a dendrite with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
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Pre Synaptic membrane
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the membrane of a terminal button that is adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released
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Post Synaptic membrane
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the cell membrane opposite the terminal button in a synapse the membrane of the cell that recieves the message
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Synaptic cleft
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the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane
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Synaptic vesicles
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a small hollow beadlike structure found in terminal buttons contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
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Release zone
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A region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
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Post synaptic Receptor
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A receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter
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Neuro transmitter dependent ion channel
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An ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor
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Ionotropic receptor
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A receptor that contains a binging site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
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Metabotropic Receptor
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A receptor that contains a binding site for neurotransmitter activates an enzyme that open an ion channel elsewhere in the cells membrane when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
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G protein
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A protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor conveys messages to other molecules when a ligand binds and activates the receptor
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Second Messanger
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A chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme carries a signal that results in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events to occur in the cell
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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An excitatory depolarization of the post synaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
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An inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynapic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
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Reuptake
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the reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
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Enzymatic deactivation
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The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release for example the destruction of acetoylcholine by acetoycholinesterase
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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A neurotransmitter found in the brain the spinal cord and parts of the peripheral nervous system responsible for muscle contraction
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Acetylocholinesterase (AChE)
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THe enzyme that destroys acetycholine soon after it is liberated by the terminal buttons thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
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Neural integration
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the process by which inhibitory and excitatory post synaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron
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Auto receptor
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A receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
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Presynaptic inhibition
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The action of o presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse reduces the amount of neurotransmitters released by the postsynaptic terminal button
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Pre synaptic facilitation
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the action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse increases the amount of a neurotransmitter released by the post synaptic terminal button
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Neuromodulator
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A naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it is not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuses through the extracellular fluid
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peptide
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A chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds neuromodulators and some hormones consist of peptide molecules
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Hormone
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A chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland that has aneffect on target cells in other organs |
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Endocrine gland
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a gland that liberates its secretions into the extracellular fluid around the capilaries and hence into the blood stream
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Target cell
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the type of cell that contains receptors for a particular hormone and is affected by that hormone
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Olfactory nerve
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smell
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optic nerve
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vision
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oculomotor nerve
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eyeball and eyelid movement
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trochlear nerve
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eyeball movement
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tragenniral nerve
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sensory information from the face chewing
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Abuducent nerve
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eyeball movement
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Facial nerve
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facial muscle salivary glands taste
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Vestibular cochlear nerve
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hearing balance
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glosso pharyngeal nerve
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pharnyx taste at the bac of your tounge
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vagus nerve
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innevates gut organs taste control sensory guts
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Acessory nerve
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back and neck muscles
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hypoglossal nerve
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movement of the toungue
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horizontal
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cut against the horizon
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coronal
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sliced like a loaf of bread
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saggital
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down the middle like a walnut
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Anterior/Rostral
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twoards the nose
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Ventral
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twoards the stomach
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dorsal
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towards the back
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Posterior/caudal
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twoards the butt
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medial
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twoards the center
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lateral
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twoards the edges
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superior
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on top of
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inferior
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below
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proximal
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close to
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distal
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far from
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ipsilateral
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on the same side
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contralateral
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on opposite sides
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nuclei
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in the CNS goups of cell bodies that all do a similar thing
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tracts
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In the CNS regions where there are many axons going from one place to another
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Ganglia
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in the PNS groups of cell bodies
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Nerves
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groups of axons in the periphery
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Medulla
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respiration salivation heart rate coughing pupils dialate
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Pons
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Where fibers cross sides relay to the cerebellum sleeparousal
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Cerebellum
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Coordination of movement balance motor memory tragectory of movement
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Reticular formation
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much in the pons and medulla. ascending output to cortex critical for arousal. decending motor control
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Raphe nuclei
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almost all of the brains seretonin is synthesized here
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Tectum
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Superior collicus involved in reflex vision. inferior collicus recieves auditory information and sends it to the superior.
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Tegmentum
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Periaqueductal gray matter which has species typical behavior. Red nuclei movement info from motor cortex–cerebelllum–spinal cord.also ventral tegmental area and substancia nigra.
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Ventral tegmental area
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drug addiction and produces dopamine
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Substancia nigra
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dopamine neurons important for movement produce dopamine
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Thalmus
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sensory in function except olfactory pass through. heavy projections to cortex. relay center
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Hypothalmus
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hormones fight flight feed sex four Fs. lots of bunches of nuclei
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Anterior pituitary gland
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tissue is endocrine relaeses hormonesexclusively
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Posterior pituitary gland
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neural origin also releases hormones also of neural origin
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cerebral cortex
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bark gray matter mostly cell bodies 6layers
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Frontal lobe
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planning movement motor cortex memory emotion
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Parietal lobe
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body sensation pain temperature touch
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temporal lobe
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hearing auditory information
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occipital lobe
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primary visual cortex
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Forebrain/hippocampus
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learning memory
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commisure
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axon bundle traveling fromon hemisphere to another
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Basal ganglia
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caudate, putamen,globius pallidus, highly conserved movement critical, heavy projections to frontal cortex (substancia nigra projevts here)
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Limbic system
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structures work together critical for motivation and emotion
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Cingulate cortex
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anger fear
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thalamus
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relay center
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hypothalumus
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four Fs
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mamilary bodies
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part of the limbic system
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hippocampus
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learning memory
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amygdala
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fear
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olfactory bulb
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smell connected to the rest of the limbic system
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Spinal cord
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main way information gets to and from the brain recieves sensory information sends to the brain which sends out motor commmands
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Dorsal root ganglian
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Sensory information central canal where CSF travels down the spinal cord
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Somatic motor system
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ventral neuromuscular junction between muscle and a neuron
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Autonomic nervous system
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unconcious involuntary control innervates viscera three divisions sympathetic parasympathetic and enteric dual innervation of organs by both parasympathetic and sympathetic
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Telencephalon
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/forebrain/ lateral ventricle cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system
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Diencephalon
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/forebrain/ third ventricle thalamus hypothalamus
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mesencephalon
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/midbrain/ cerebral aquedut tectum tegmentum
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metencephalon
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/hind brain/ fourth ventricle cerebellum pons
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mylencephalon |
/hind brain/ medulla oblongata |
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Exogenus
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Administered from outside the body
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Endogenus
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administered within the body
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sublingual
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under tounge
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subcutaneous
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underneath skin
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Intracerebral/intracerebrovestibular
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injections directly into the brain
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Dose response curve
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Dose and effect correlation at some point higher dose does not have more effect
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Margin of safety
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the difference between supernegative side effects and the effect you want
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tolerance
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same dosage has less of an effect more to get the same effect
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Sensitization
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same dosage increase motor response to a drug like cocaine cravings for drug increase
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Precursor
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a substansce from which another substanse is formed
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Agonist
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drugs that facillitate postsynaptic effects
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Antagonist
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drugs that block postsynaptic effects
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Direct
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competitive binding
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Indirect
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non competitive binding
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals used for neurocrine mediation, found in axon terminal, made by neurons, calcium dependent release, subject to inactivation
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Glutamate
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major excitatory neurotransmitter, widely distributed throughout CNS, receptors are AMPA Kainate NMDA, AMPA and NMDA are critical for learning and memory
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GABA
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Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, glutamate is precursor to GABA, hyperpolarize, indirect agonists
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Acetocholine
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learning memory arousal sensory perception sleep and energy conversion,Precursors are acetepin and coenzymeA, Receptors are Nicotinic and musicanic
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Dopamine
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Mesolimbic reinforcement drug addiction schizophrenia, many dopamine receptors some excitatory some inhibitory
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Noepherine
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Brain and autonomic nervous system, produced in locus coerulus projects to almost every brain region, Vigilance attentiveness, receptors all G protein coupled
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Serotonin
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mood sensoryperception sleep arousal pain, produced in Raphe nuclei
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SSRIs
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seretonin specific reuptake inhibitor maintains the length of time in synapse also effects epinephirine to treat depression and anxiety
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Neuropeptides
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Substance p endorphins enkephalins, packaged in vesicles heavier than regular neuro transmitters
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Catecholamines
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Dopamine Noepinereine Epinepherine, tyrosine is a precursor to all, they all have the catechol group
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Indolamines
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Seotonin,
Inolamine group–Thyrophrotan–5HTP–Hydroxytrphamine |
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Monoamines
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Catecholamines indolamines acetocholine and histamines
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Amino acid neuro transmitters
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work horses of CNS 90% of transmitters glutamate asperate GABA glycine
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Marijuana(THC)
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Stimulates cannaboid receptors in cerebellum globius pallidus hippocampus subsancia nigra few receptors in brain low toxicity, andamine natural ligand for THC
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LSD
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distortion of visual perception effects sereotonin
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MDMA
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seretonin agonist |
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Electrolytic lesion
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a brain lesion produced by passing a current across an electrode placed in a specific braon area damages cells and fibers of passage
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Excitoxic lesion
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A brain lesion produced by intracerebral injection of excitatory aminoacids like kanic acid damages cells but spares fibers of passage
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Sham lesions
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Important control placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps except the actual brain lesion
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Sterotaxic surgery
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send cannula into brain injector fits in cannula to inject drug
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Bregna
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suture meeting point soft spot on babies
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Fixative
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Chemical like formalin used to prepare and perserve body tissue
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Sectioning
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Microtome rotarty sliding sledge like a deli slicer, cryostat freezes tissue
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Staining
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Unable to see details of tissue without staining it can chose what stain you want
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Golgi stain
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Stains entire cell only 1% of cells
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Creysl violet
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stains cell bodies nice for seeing nuclei
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Electron microscope
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way to look at very small regions, see synapse
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Scanning electron microscope
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less detail 3D
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Anterograde labeling
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where neurons project to
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Retrograde labeling
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upstream regions flourogold see where the cell bodies are located that project to a certatin region
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Trans neuronal tracing
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identifies a series of areas, tracers jump from neuron to neuron
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Antigen
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protein on an invading organism
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Antibody
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produced by white blood cells and stick to antibody
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Immunocytochemistry
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reasearchers make antibodies that stick to any protien of intrest to trace proteins
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Computerized tomography scan(CT)
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sends an x ray beam through head able to detect where damage has occured low resolution
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MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Tube with strong magnetic feild through it changes the orientation of magnetic particles, a radio wave beamed through the brain allows atoms to emit radiowaves, the MRI is programmed to pick up the radio waves emitted by the hydrogen atoms, different distribution of hydrogen in different tissue allows a picture to be generated
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
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paitent is injected with radioactive substanse that is used by neurons, the machine detects breakdown of these radioactive chemicals and is able to make a picture of which areas contained most of the chemical
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Functional magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI)
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detect levels of oxygen neurons that are active require more blood flowand therefore more oxygen is in active areas of the brain
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ELectroencephelagram (EEG)
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recordselectrical activity from scalp huge number of neurons are recorded from, not individual action potentials, synchronicity of neurons
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Microdialysisa
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a procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstital fluid, good for small uncharged molecules like dopamin
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Knockouts
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change the expression of protein through DNA
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Antisence
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oglionucleotides block the production of a protein |
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Light
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electromagnetic energy, the photon is the basic unit of light
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Wavelength
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color/hue/saturation is the purity of the color
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Amplitude
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Top to bottom intensity/brightness
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Retina
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at the back of the eye contains photoreceptors
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Pupil
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hole to let light in
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Iris
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Muscle that controls how much light is let in
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Fovea
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Part of the retina central point of focus highest acuity more cones
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Blindspot
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no photo receptors because of the optic nerve
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Rods
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Photoreceptor very sensitive to light (dim light) easily bleached concentrated in the periphery
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Cones
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Photoreceptor not very active in dim light, essential for color vision, acuity, concentrated in fovea
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Lateral Geniculate nucleus
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recieves visual information from optic nerve, sends information to primary visual cortex, located in the thalamus relay center, looks like a thumbprint each layer recieves info from only 1 eye
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Visual feild
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everything you can see
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Receptive feild
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the feild of vision a single receptor or receptors attached to a single ganglion cell percieve
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Center surround Receptive feild
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the receptive feild of a ganglion cell has two parts center which is more sensitive and surround which is bigger,they are mutually antagonistic, there are ON/OFF center types and the ganglion cells respond best when there is contrast
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Trichromatic Color theory
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we see color based on the type of cones in our eyes, blue green and red cones, respond best when different colored light is shown on them
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Opponent process coding
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Neurons respond specifically to paires of primary colors, red opposing green, blue opposing yellow, retinas contain two kinds of color sensitive ganglion cells, yellow on blue off, blue on yellow off,red on green off, green on red off
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After image
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firing when image is taken away
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Parvocellular
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small cell bodies near fovea fine details colors, primates, in P layers of LGN
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Magnocellular
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large cell bodies in periphery,large receptive feild, Motion, in M layers of LGN
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Koniocellular
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small but throughout retina project to many areas, primates, important for blue light
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Ganglion cells
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see dots
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Primary visual cortex
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sees lines and orientation of line
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Cytochromic oxidase blobs
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anayze color
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Visual association cortex
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analyze visual information
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Ventral Stream
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What, Color, input from PArvocellular magnocellular and koniocellular
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Dorsal Stream
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Where, How, Movement, mostly magnocellular input |
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Sound waves
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made up of compressed and rarafied air in an alternating pattern
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Amplitude
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loudness firing rate number of active neurons
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Frequency
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Pitch or wavelength pllace coding apex or base tonotopic representation
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Complexity
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timbre same note can sound very different with different instruments
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Pinna
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outer ear wrinkly part
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Auditory canal
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part of outer ear where you stick qtip
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Middle ear
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tympanic membrane moves based on air compression Malleus incus stapes tiny bones vibrate
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Oval window
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moved by stapes sends vibrations to cochlea
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Cochlea
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Snail like filled with fluid waves form contains basilar membrane
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Basilar Membrane
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wave vibrates membrane vibrations picked up by receptor or hair cells cilia and sent to the brain as sound via ganglion cells
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Base of cochlea
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narrow and stiff responds best to high frequencies
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Apex of Cochlea
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Wide and floppy responds best to low frquencies
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Hair cells
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outer amplify vibrations,
inner transmit auditory information |
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Spiral ganglion cells
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recieve info from inner hair cell to auditory nerve of the brain
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Tonotopic representation
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transmit to different area of the brain based on HZ
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Location
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wheres sound superior olivary cortex is important, high frequency sounds are dampened by shadow cast by head |
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Vestibular system
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balance head orientation movement, uses hair cells to detect movements
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Semicircular canals
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ampulla has cupula jellylike substanse hair calls cilia go in jelly. 3 canals for all the planes. gravity pulls cilia when you move. cranial nerve
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Chemethesis
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nasal and oral perception. itchy peppery pungent burning sensation. CO2 ammonia vinegar. Triangeminal nerve
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Pheremones
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a chemical releases by one animal to effect the behavior or physiology of another member of the species
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Lee boot effect
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slow stop estrous cycle
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Whitten effect
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sync of estrous cycle
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Vandbergh effect
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acceleration of puberty in female due to male odor
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Bruce effect
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termination of pregnancy when exposed to odor of a different male
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Coolidge effect
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rejuvinating effect of new female
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Flehman response
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sniffing face curl upperlip better exposes vomernasal organ to pheromone
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Olfaction
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detection and recognition of volatile chemicals that come incontact with membranes in the nose. sensed by cilia in mucosal layer of nose
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GLomerulus
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where synapses are occuring axon terminals and dendrites of mitral cells
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Gustation
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stimulation of taste buds. bitter sour sweet salty umani. facial nerve
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papillae
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small protrusions on toungue tastebuds are organized around them.
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Taste receptors
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modified skin cells. different kinds for each sensation.
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Salty
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sodium enters cell via sodium channels depolarizes cell
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Sour
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protons H+ entering cell closing the potassium channels in the cell. lack of outward k+ causes depolarization
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Bitter Sweet Umani
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use of G protein coupled receptors. differential response.
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Flavor
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combination of taste olfaction chemethisis. orbiofrontal cortex
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Cutaneous senses
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skin touch. many sense receptors pain vibrations temp. info about world
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Glaboras skin
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palm/soles. w/out hair. mesiners corpuscles only locted in
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Hairy skin
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skin with hair. pacinian and meissiners
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Messiners Corpuscles
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sensitive to lower frequency vibrations, good for feeling rough textures. 50 hz
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Pacinian Corpuscles
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sensitive to higher frequency vibrations 200–300 hz. large receptive feilds
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Dermatome
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area that provides cuteaneos sensory information to a singlespinal cord segment |
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emotion
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internal conscious states that we infer in ourselves and others. we cannot directly observe.
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Autonomic response
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sympathetic blood pressure heart rate
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Hormonal response
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corticosterone/cortisol levels epinepherine
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Hormone
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chemical released from a cell into circulation and travels to a distal location to target cell
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Peptide hormones
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string of amino acids. do not cross the cell membrane. bind to extracellular portion of transmembrane receptor. often metatropic
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Steroid hormones
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synthesized from cholesterol. leads to changes in gene expression
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Stress Response
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Physiological response to emotion. disrupts homeostasis. activation of sympathetic nervous system fight or flight
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Adrenal Gland
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cortex releases glucocorticoids. medulla releases adrenalin
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Anterior pituitary gland
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endocrine cells that produce and release hormones
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HPA axis
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Hypothalamus pituitary Adrenal glucocorticoid release
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Corticotrope
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cell in the anterior pituitary responds to corticotropic releasing hormone
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Glucocorticoid
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stimulate gluconeogenisis. formation from carb to protein in liver. increases enzymes to convert. decrease in glucose utilization needed for skeletal muscles
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Acute stress
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critical life skill
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Chronic stress
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body starts breaking down neuronal death . poor immune functions ulcers
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General adaptation syndrome
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alarm phase acute reaction resilient to other stressors. Resistance phase able to handle other stresses. Exhaustion body unable to handle additional stressors
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Noepinepherine
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sympathetic nervous system. sympathetic ganglion chain releases from axonal varicosities
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Epinepherine
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sympatho adrenal project directly from spinal cord bypasses sympathetic ganglion chain and goes directly to adrenal medulla causing the release of epinepherine
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Right hemisphere
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responds more to emotion. unpleasant emotions.activates right amygdala
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Amygdala
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integrates sensory information with memories os stimuli and adds an emotional valance
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Inactive medial frontal cortex
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unable to identify angry expressions
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damage to insular cortex
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unable to experience disgust
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Ventral prefrontal cortex
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controls impulsivity and agression
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Serotonin
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stronger serotenergic seems to result in less agression
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Prefrontal cortex
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interface between brain mechanicisms for automatic emotional responses and control of complex behaviors |
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Circadium rythyms
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A daily rythmical change in behavior or physiological processes
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zeitbergs
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a stimulus usually the light of dawn that resets the biological clock
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Free running
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remove zeitbergers 25hr cycle
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Superchiasmatic nucleus
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damage causes inconsistent rythyms no light dark synchrony |
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gonadal hormones
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steroid hormones released by testes and ovaries. androgens estrogens and progesterone
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organizational effects
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occurs at a critical period of development. regulate anatomy and behavior
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Activational effects
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in adulthood regulate formation of secondary sex characteristics and mediate sexual behavior inadults
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Sexual differentiation
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process by which a male becomes a male and a female becomes a female
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Wolfian system
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male ductwork. testes produce mullerian inhibiting hormone and testosterone to develop
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Mullerian system
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female ductwork no hormones
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tonic release
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the same all the time male androgens
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cyclic release
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female estrogens
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Behavioral receptivity
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when the female will mate increasing the chance of pregnancy
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Organizational activational hypothesis
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a hormone can have an organizing effects that prime the organism so that the hormone can activate behavior later in life
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Alprofetoprotein
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blocks estrogen to prevent it from getting to the fetus
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Cognitive Adrenal Hyperplasia
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ambiguous genitalia enzyme not functional in adrenal gland so it secretes too much androgen. can treat surgically lesbians and tomboys more common. may be fertile
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome
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androgen receptors not functional has testes producing testosterone no ductwork, feminine external genitalia shallow vagina enlarged breast development
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5alpha reductase deffiency
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testosterone does not get converted to dihydrotestosterone no masculinization of external genitalia until puberty
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Proceptive behaviors
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are those displayed by the female in an attempt to solicit the male for reproduction
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Receptive behaviors
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lordosis behaviors
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XX chromosome with SRY gene
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have ovary and testis or mixture usually male
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Aytipical hormone
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high or low levels of testosteron masculinizes or feminizes facial features
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Social learning hypothesis
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sexual preference is socially learned totally disproved
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gene hypothesis
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there is a gene or set of genes that underly homosexuality
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Maternal antibodies hypothesis
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antibodies inerfere with the masculinization processes of male fetuses causing female like sexual preference
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Prenatal androgens hypothesis
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homosexuality in menis due to underexposure of prenatal androgens and in women due to overexposure
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Neuroanatomical changes
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hypothesis that the brains of homosexuals resembles heterosexuals of the opposite sex |
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Homeostasis
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the process by which the body's substances and characteristics such as teperature and glucose are maintained at their optimal level
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System vaiable
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a variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanicism
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Set point
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optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanicism
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Detector
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in the regulatory process a mechanism that signals whe the system variable deviates from its set point
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Correctional Mechanicism
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in a regulatory system the mechanicism that is capable of changes to the value of the system variable
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Negative feedback
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a Process by which the effect of an action serves to diminish or terminate that action
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Sateity
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mechanicism causing the cessation of hunger or thist produced by adequate nutrients/water
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Isotonic
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Water and solute concentration are the same inside and outside. water goes in and out at the same rate
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Hypotonic
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the water concentration is greater outside the cellthe solute concentration is greater inside. water flows into the cell swell/bursts cell
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Hypertonic
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the water concentration is greater inside the cell the solute concentration is greater outside. water flows out shrinks the cell
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Intracellular dehydration
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Increased salt intake decreased water intake we lose water by breathing hypertonic
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Extracellular dehydration
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hypovolemia hemmorage vomiting excessive perpiring loss of water and solutes still isotonic
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Agiotensin
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large in liver glycoprotein continually released abundant in plasma
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Renin
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released in kidneys ratelimiting step
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Angiotensin l
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biologically inert
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Converting enzyme
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in lungs on vascular endothelium short half life
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Angiotensin ll
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brain kidney gut adrenal cortex vascular smooth muscle. behavior and vasopressin release synthesis and release of aldesterone
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Salt appetite
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delayed. ingestive sequence of less negative when salt levels low tastes better
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Circumventricular Organs
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do not have blood brain barrier Angiotensinll can get in |
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Body Mass index
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weight/height
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Glucoprivation
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low glucose
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Lipoprivation
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low lipid levels
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Insulin
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moves glucose from the bloodstream into cells converting glucose to glycogen for storage. required for glucose uptake into cells or ATP production
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Glucagon
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converts liver glycogen to glucose increases blood glucose level
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Diabetes
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Peptide hormone failure of insulin function, glucose cannot enter the cells so it builds up in the blood and causes hyperglycemia
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Type 1 diabetes
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body can't make insulin
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Type 2 diabetes
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body can make insulin but it is insensitive to it
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2DG glucoprivation
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blocks glucose being synthesized into ATP, increases food intake and induces severe hyperglycemia
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Methyl lipoprivation
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prevents fatty acids from being synthesized into ATP when used w/ glucoprivation results more than additive only effects periphery
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Cholecystokinin
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released from intestines when nutrients are ingested, receptors in periphery and brain and vagus nerve, satiety signal stretch
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Dual center hypothesis(WRONG)
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there is a lateral hypothalamic feeding center which stimulated hunger, inhibited by the ventromedial hypothalamic saiety center
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Hind Brain
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critical for food intake, able to respond to satiety signals, cannot do long term food regulation
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Decerebrate rat
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Knife cut through center of the brain seperates hind brain neural circuts in the forebrain cannot effectbehaviors in motor neurons controlled caudal to the transection
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LH lesionedanimals
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destruction of dopamine pathways in animals without them movement is impaired so they don't eat as well
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(ob/ob) and(db/db) mouse
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hyperphagic even before weaning, grossly obese as adults even when not permitted to over eat, multiple metabolic disorders infertile
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Leptin
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Peptide hormone that when injected reverses hyperphagia and reduced weight of (ob/ob) amimals, lipostatic signal to the brain (db/db) mice have a faulty leptin receptor
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AgRP
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small peptide that is an endogenous antagonist to the melacortin receptors
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POMC
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Peptide spliced to make melacortin agonists, alphaMSH betaMSH and thetaMSH
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NPY/AgRP
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activation increases food intake orexigenic
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alphaMSH
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decreases food intake anorexigenic
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Orexin
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function unclear greater role in sleep wake cycle
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MT11
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a synthetic melacortin agonist mimics alphaMSH
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SHU9119
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synthetic melacortin antagonist mimics AgRP
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Ghrelin
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endogenous ligand for the growth hormonesecrelagouge receptor, expressed by stomach pancreas and intestine stimulates GH secretion, increases food intake
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Anorexia Nervosa
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eat very little become significantly underweight life threatening
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Pica
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appetite for substances largely non nutritive |
