Biopsych

Front 1

Golgi Stain

Back 1

neural stain that completetely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, therby revealing their silhuouettes, sees shape, how they connect dendrites

Front 2

Nissl Stain

Back 2

A neural stain that has an affinity for structures in the cell neuron cell bodies, sees how many neurons

Front 3

Myelin Stain

Back 3

stains mylon covering axons

Front 4

tracing techniques

Back 4

inject a chemical and its taken up by the neurons

Front 5

electron microscopy

Back 5

studies the fine details of of cellular structure

Front 6

anterior

Back 6

Towards the nose end of vertabrate

Front 7

Posterior

Back 7

Toward the tail end of the vertabrate or towards the back of the head

Front 8

Dorsal

Back 8

Towards the surface of the back of the vertabrae or toward the top of the head

Front 9

Ventral

Back 9

Towards the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head

Front 10

Medial

Back 10

Toward the midline of the body of a vertabrate

Front 11

Lateral

Back 11

Away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate toward the bodies lateral surface

Front 12

Superior

Back 12

Toward the top of the primate head

Front 13

Inferior

Back 13

Toward the bottom of the the primate shead or brain

Front 14

Hindbrain

Back 14

contains reticular formation and cerrebellum involved in arousal, sleep, attention, Movment, maintanince of muscle tone, cardiac, circulation and respritory reflexes

Front 15

Midbrain

Back 15

superior and inferior colliculi, substantia nigra (involvement with Parkinson's disease)

Front 16

Forebrain

Back 16

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (controlled by hypothalamus), corpus callosum, limbic system, (including amygdala, hippocampus), basal ganglia (including amygdala, putamen, thalamus) neocortex

Front 17

fissure

Back 17

divides cortex into 4 lobes

Front 18

convulutions

Back 18

foldson the surface of the cerbral hemiospheres

Front 19

membrane potential

Back 19

the difference between the elctrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell. measured in squids because of size

Front 20

resting potential

Back 20

-70MV it is polarized

Front 21

ions

Back 21

positivly or negativly charge particles

Front 22

sodium and chloride ions

Back 22

outside the membrane,

Front 23

potassium and protein ions

Back 23

within the neuron

Front 24

charge on sodium ions (Na+)?

Back 24

50MV

Front 25

on potassium ions (K+)?

Back 25

90MV

Front 26

on chloride ions (Cl-)?

Back 26

-70MV

Front 27

depolirization

Back 27

decrease the resting membrane potential

Front 28

Sodium Potassium Pump

Back 28

: active transports mechanisms that pump sodium ions out of neurons and potassium ions back into neurons.

Front 29

ESPSs

Back 29

- Exitatory Post synaptic Potentials:): increase the likelihood the neuron will fire (an action potential will occur)

Front 30

IPSPs

Back 30

- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP’s): decrease the liklihood that the neuron will fire.

Front 31

graded potentials

Back 31

- Can have big or small ones

Front 32

• Integration

Back 32

: adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal at the axon hillock

Front 33

All or none response

Back 33

: occurs full blown or not at all: So neural signal is not loosed on strength, it is absed on frequency

Front 34

Two differences between action potentials and post-synaptic signaling

Back 34

) action potentials are nondecremental (ii) action potentials are slower

Front 35

What is the most common synaptic connection

Back 35

axon to dendrite

Front 36

What are the differences between small and large neurotransmitters

Back 36

Faster acting more pulse whereas larger build up and act in a more diffuse area.

Front 37

exocytosis

Back 37

the process of neurotransmitter release
• When the neuron is at rest

Front 38

Metabotropic receptors

Back 38

- More prevalent than ionatrophic receptors

Front 39

Autoreceptors

Back 39

: receptors often on the presynaptic membrane that are sensitve to a neurons own neurotransmitter. Monitors amounts of NT released, decreases it when to much, increase when not enough

Front 40

What is pain

Back 40

: an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

Front 41

How is pain good

Back 41

Pain teaches us to avoid painful activities
It teaches us to care for ourselves

Front 42

What is acute pain

Back 42

lasts a short time

Front 43

chronic (persisting) pain

Back 43

lasts a long time

Front 44

Nociceptive pain

Back 44

comes from activation of pain receptors called Nocicptors (cutting finger

Front 45

neuoropathic pain

Back 45

Comes from direct injury to nerves (phantom limb pain)

Front 46

3 types of nociceptors

Back 46

(1) thermal (heat) (2) mechanical (pressure) (3) polymodal

Front 47

Polymodal

Back 47

Connected to small, slow conducting nerves (up to 1 meter per second

Front 48

fast conducting nerves

Back 48

5-30 meters per second

Front 49

: What is the function of subcortical regions

Back 49

mediate emotional components of pain

Front 50

The cortex

Back 50

likely integrates all pain components and coordinates appropriate behavioral responses

Front 51

-Allogynia

Back 51

normally not painful things hurt

Front 52

Hyperalgesia

Back 52

already painful things hurt alot more

Front 53

The hill part of the convelutions

Back 53

gryus

Front 54

The valley part of the convelutions

Back 54

Sulcus