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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are neurons?
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Cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
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What do dendrites do?
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Receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons
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What are buttons and what do they do?
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Buttonlike endings of the axon branches which release chemicals into synapses
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What are the nodes of ranvier?
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Gaps between sections of myelin?
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What is myelin?
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Fatty insulations around many axons
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells
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What are neurons?
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Cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
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What do dendrites do?
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Receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons
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What are buttons and what do they do?
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Buttonlike endings of the axon branches which release chemicals into synapses
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What are the nodes of ranvier?
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Gaps between sections of myelin?
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What is myelin?
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Fatty insulations around many axons
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What is a multipolar neuron?
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A neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body
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What is a unipolar neuron?
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A neuron with one process extending from its cell body
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What is a bipolar neuron?
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A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body
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What is an interneuron?
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neuron with short axons or no axons at all
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What is the function of interneurons?
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To integrate the neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another
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In the CNS, what are clusters of cell bodies called?
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Nuclei
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In the PNS, what are clusters of cell bodies called?
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Ganglia
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In the CNS, what are bundles of axons called?
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Tracts
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In the PNS, what are bundles of axons called?
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Nerves
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How much do glial cells outnumber neurons?
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10:1
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What are oligodendrocytes?
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Cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons on the CNS
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What is the equivalent of oligodendrocytes in the PNS?
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Schwann cells
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What are the differences between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?
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Each Schwann cell constitutes one myelin sheath whereas each oligodendrocyte provides severael myelin segments. Also, only Schwann cells can guide axonal regeneration after damage, which is why axonal regeneration in is restricted to the PNS
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What are microglia and what do they do?
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Smallest glia. Respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris, and triggering inflammatory responses
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What are astrocytes and what do they do?
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They are a class of glial cells that largest and star shaped. They provide support for other neurons...providing them with nutrition, cleaning waste, and forming a physical matrix to hold neural circuits together
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What did the Golgi stain do?
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made it possible to see individual neurons for the first time, although only in silhouette
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What does the Nissl stain do?
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Selectively stains groups of neural cell bodies...under high magnification, one can distinguish individual neural cell bodies and count the number of neurons in various areas
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What is electron microscopy?
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A neuroanatomical technique that provides info about the details of neuonal structure
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What are the 3 axes of the vertebrate nervous system?
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Anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral
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What does anterior and posterior mean?
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Anterior means toward the nose and posterior means toward the tail end
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What do dorsal and ventral mean?
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Dorsal means toward the surface of the back or top of the head and ventral means toward the surface of the chest or bottom of the head
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What do medial and lateral mean?
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Medial means toward the midline of the body and laterla means away from the midline, toward the body's lateral surfaces
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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A layer of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres
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What are fissures and sulci?
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Fissures are the large furrows in a convoluted cortex and the small ones are sulci
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What are gyri?
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Ridges between fissures and sulci
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What is the longitudinal fissure?
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Largest of the fissures that almost completely separates the cerebral hemispheres
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What are cerebral commissures?
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Hemisphere connecting tracts that span the longitudinal fissure
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What is the corpus collosum?
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The largest cerebral commissure
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