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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological psychology |
Is the study of the physiological and genetic basis of behavior |
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Neuron and glia |
Brain functioning can be explained at a more microscopic level in terms of neuron and glia activity |
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Physiological Ontogenetic Evolutionary Functional |
Four categories of biological explainations |
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Physiological |
Emphasis on brain and other vital organs |
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Ontogenetic |
Describes development of a structure or behavior |
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Evolutionary |
Focuses upon the evolutionary history of behavior |
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Functional |
Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did |
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'Mind body' or 'mind brain problem' |
Biological explanations of behavior raise the issue of the relationship between the mind and the brain. |
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Dualism |
Is the belief that there are different kinds of substances and the mind and the body are separated entities. |
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Dualism (philosopher) |
Rene descartes |
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Dualism |
Most common belief among non scientists Rejected by neuroscientists |
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Monism |
Is the belief that the universe is only comprised of one type of substance |
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Materialism Mentalism Identity position |
What are the 3 forms of monism |
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Materialism |
Everything that exists is physical by nature |
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Mentalism |
Only the mind truly exists |
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Identity position |
Mental processes are the same as the brain processes but simply described in different ways |
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Consciousness |
Is not observable and is often difficult to define or explain |
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Solipsism |
Suggests that "i alone" am conscious |
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Problem of other minds |
Difficulty of knowing if others have conscious experiences |
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Easy problems Hard problems |
Chalmers (1995) two problems discussing consciousness |
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Easy problems |
Focus on differences in conscious states and their mechanisms |
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Hard problems |
Focus on why and how brain activity is associated with consciousness |
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Genetic of behavior |
Both genes and environment interact to shape human behavior |
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Gregor mendel |
A 19th century monk that demonstrated that inheritance occurs through genes. |
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Genes |
Are basic units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another |
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Chromosomes |
Genes are aligned among _________ (strand of genes) and come in pairs. |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
A gene is a portion of a chromosome and is composed of _________________ |
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
DNA serves as a model for the synthesis of _______________. |
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RNA |
Is a single strand chemical that can serve as a template or model for the synthesis of proteins |
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1. Forming parts of the structure of the body 2. Serving as enzymes that serve as biological catalysts and regulate chemical reaction in the body. |
Proteins determine the development of the body by: |
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Homozygous |
For a gene means that a person has an IDENTICAL pair of genes on the two chromosomes |
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Heterozygous |
For a gene means that a person has an UNMATCHED pair of genes on the two chromosomes |
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Dominant gene |
Shows a strong effect in EITHER the homozygous or heterozygous condition |
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Recessive gene |
Shows its effects ONLY in the homozygous condition |
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Crossing over |
Occurs when a pair of chromosomes break apart during reproduction and reconnects and attaches to the second chromosome |
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1. Autosomal gene (all genes except sec linked genes) 2. Sex linked gene (genes located on the sex chromosomes) |
2 types of genes |
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Females |
Have two X chromosomes (XX) |
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Males |
Have an X an Y chromosome (XY) |
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Y chromosome |
Has genes for 27 proteins |
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X chromosome |
Has genes for approximately 1500 proteins |
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1. Females contribute an X chromosome 2. Males contribute either an X or a Y chromosome that determines the sex of the child |
During reproduction: |
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Sex limited genes (x linked genes) |
Are genes that are present in both sexes but mainly have an effect on one sex (chest hair, breast, size, etc.) |
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1. Recombination 2. Mutation |
Sources of variation in a species that allows for evolution to occur |
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Recombination |
Refers to a new combination of genes in the off spring that yield characteristics not found in either parent |
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Mutation |
Refers to a change in a single gene that is rare, random or often independent of the needs of the organism |
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Multiplier effect |
Genetic tendencies that guide behavior will result in a change in the environment that magnifies the original tendency |
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Evolution |
Refers to a change in the frequency of various genes in a population over generations |
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1. How did some species evolve 2. How do species evolve |
Evolution attempts to answer two questions: |
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Lamarckian evolution |
The use or disuse of some structure or behavior causes and increase or decrease in that behavior |
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Evolutionary psychology (sociobiology) |
Focuses upon functional explanations of how behaviors evolved. |
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1. Underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species and often easier to study in non human species 2. We are interested in animals for their own sake 3. What we learn about animals sheds light on human evolution. 4. Some experiments cannot use humans because of legal and ethical reasons |
Reasons for studying animals |
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1. Minimalists 2. Abolitionists |
Oppositions to animal research |
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Minimalists |
Favor firm regulation on research and place consideration upon the type of animal used and the amount of stress induced |
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Abolitionists |
Maintain that all animals have the same rights as humans and any use of animals is unethical |
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Institute Animal Care and Use Committee |
Oversees and determine acceptable procedures |
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1. Lamarckian evolution 2. Humans have stopped evolving 3. Evolution means improvement 4. Evolution acts to benefit the individual or species
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4 Misconceptions about evolution |
