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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atrioventricular valves?
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tricuspid and mitral
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semilunar valves?
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aortic and pulmonic
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LAD
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left anterior descending
feeds front of heart |
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LM
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left main
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LCX
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left circumflex
feeds side of heart and posterior |
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RCA
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right coronary artery
SA NODE feeds right of heart and APEX |
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cardiac tamponade
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stops heart from beating d/t fluid around the heart
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process which narrows coronary arteries
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CAD
coronary artery disease |
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atrias do things slower than the ventricles d/t
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extra filling time
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heart creates its own electrical conduction by
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action potential
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follows internodal pathoway to AV node
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SA node
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slow impulse gives atria time to contract before ventricle contracts
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AV node
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there are 2 Left and 1 Right due to left ventricle being so big
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bundle of HIS
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impulse is spread throughout ventricles through
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purkinje fibers
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depolarization
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cells contract
switch places |
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what phase is depolarization
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4, 0
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repolarization
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cells rest
go back to original places |
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which moves faster K+ or Na+
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Na+ rushes in cell faster than K+ comes out
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P wave
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atria depolarization
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QRS wave
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ventricles depolarize
atria repolarizes simultaneously |
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T wave
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ventricular repolarization
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U wave means?
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low potassium
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how does alcohol effect CAD?
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makes BVs stiff
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where in the EKG does a MI usually show up?
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ST segment
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vessels that compensate for blockages
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collaterals
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stages of CAD
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asymptomatic
symptomatic: Ischemia, Injury (chest pains) Myocardial Infarction |
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Myocardial Ischemia (Angina)
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if coronary blood flow or O2 is not sufficient to meet demands
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vasospasm
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tightens then relaxes
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chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia
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angina pectoris
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stable angina
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pain with exertion, relieved by rest or nitro
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unstable angina
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new or increasing chest pain, often at rest
nitro doesn't work |
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prinzmetal's angina
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variant, vasospastic, often at rest or during sleep
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myocardial ischemia patho
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not enough O2
switch to anaerobic lactic acid forms cell function impaired |
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what happens on an EKG during myocardial ischemia?
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inverted T wave
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nitrates
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dilate peripheral veins and some what dilates arteries
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beta blockers
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increased O2 supply and reduce myocardial demand
reduces speed of heart therefore using less O2 |
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calcium channel blockers
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make heart relax
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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tx for myocardial ischemia
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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
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tx for myocardial ischemia
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myocardial injury
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progressive form of myocardial ischemia
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what is the EKG like in myocardial injury?
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elevated ST wave
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myocardial infarction
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20 mins cells begin to die
q wave changes in some people |
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end patho result of a MI
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everything leaks out
cell contraction stops |
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how long does it take to repair after MI
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~6 weeks til scar formation
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MI s and s
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CP
dyspnea epigastric pain fatigue weakness anxiety restlessness skin pale, cool, moist |
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MI triad Dx
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presenting s and s
EKG changes serum cardiac enzymes |
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MI Dx labs
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ESR
WBCs CK CK-MB specific to heart Troponin 1 "golden" |
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MONA
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MI treatment
morphine oxygen nitrates aspirin bed rest dietary measures early beta blockers stool softners thrombolytics |
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MI complication? (3)
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ventricular aneurysm
sudden cardiac death dysrhthmias |
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ventricular aneurysm
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vent wall weakened
bulge creates dec CO, dysrhythmias, death or rupture causes dec CO and death (high mortality) |
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Sudden Cardiac Death
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within 1 hour of MI
dysrhythmias (V Fib) |
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Dysrhythmias
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cardiac rhythm disturbances
ischemia hypoxia lactic acidosis electrolye imbalances |
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conduction disorders
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heart block (AV block0
premature vent contraction fibrillation-quivering |
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heart block (AV block)
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atria and ventricles contract independently
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PVC
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not a good CO
irritable area in the heart that triggers early contraction |
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fibrillation
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quivering
atrial or ventricular ventricular is very serious must be treated immediately |
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what does fibrillation look like on EKG
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scribbles
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cardiomyopathy
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big baggy heart
ventricles enlarged everything stretches out poor CO can cause arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death can be d/t MI or not |
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LVF cause
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MI
cardiomyopathy HTN |
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LVF patho
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dec CO
blood left in vent after contraction inc pressure and volume in pulmonary vessels dyspnea fluid in alveoli |
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LVP Tx
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vasodilators
ACE inhibitors diuretics restrict Na+ Restrict fluid intake intraaortic balloon pump valve surgrey |
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RVF etiology
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LVF
Pulmonary Dx- cor pulmonale acute (PE) chronic (COPD) |
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RVF patho
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right heart has to work harder to pump through fluid backup in the lungs
enlarged RV neck veins distended liver engorged ascites and peripheral edema |
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RVF Tx
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fix LHF or pulm edema
diuretics restrict fluid restrict Na+ digitalis bed rest |
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what does digitalis do?
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slows HR by slowing the conduction of the SA node
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Patent Dustus Artereous
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usually in babies a hole in the heart that allows blood to pass from rt vent to left w/o picking up O2
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"big baggy heart"
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cardiomyopathy
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valve stenosis
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narrowing or failure to open fully
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vavle insufficiency
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incompetant valves- regurgitation
can't close all the way |
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endocarditis
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rare
infection/ growth on the valves |
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mitral stenosis patho
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valve narrowed
obstructs blood flow forward into the LV = fixed CO Backwards Blood Flow LA dilates goes into lungs RA and RV enlarge |
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mitral regurg patho
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blood flow backs up from the LV to LA during systole b/c valve doesn't close
LA dilates LV enlarges, fails Pulm edema |
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aortic regurg patho
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blood flow flows backwards out of the aorta into LV during diastole
dec blood to brain and heart LV enlarges LV fails Pulm edema RV fails |
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aortic stenosis patho
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valve calcifies, or stiffens narrow opening
Brain and heart have dec blood LV enlarges LV fails Pulm edema RV fails |
