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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bodies ability to defend against against invading microorganisms and damage by foreign substances
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immunity
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Types of Immunity cells
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T, & B Lymphocytes, and NK cells
Antigen presenting cells AKA accessory cells (Dendrites, Macrophages) |
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takes antigen to other cells and helps destroy them
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antigen presenting cells
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what do antigen presenting cells do?
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cleans up everythig at the end and gets rid of it
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what do Lymphocytes do?
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start and organize everything
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where are dendrite cells located?
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in skin tissue and lymph nodes
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what do dendrites do?
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process antigen into epitopes and transport to lymph nodes
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what do macrophages do?
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engulf and digest, stimulate cytokines and break down large peptides
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what is the difference between monocytes and machrophages?
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monocytes are in the blood and turn into macrophages when in tissue
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kupper cells in...
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liver
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which cell works alone to recognize specific antigens?
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natural killer cells
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what cell kills then calls for clean up?
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NK cells
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what cells are considered your innate immunity?
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natural killer cells
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any substance capable of stimulating an immune response
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antigen
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portion of antigen
'binder site' capable of recognizing foreign substance |
epitope
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part of an antigen but is unable to cause immunological reaction alone
must combine with proteins to induce immune response |
hapten
ex. pollen |
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proteins produced by mature B cells in response to antigen
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antibodies
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what do mature B cells turn into?
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plasma cells
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HLA
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human leukocyte antigen
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which bones have bone marrow?
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long bones
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what does the bone marrow contain
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stem cells
red marrow yellow marrow (fat) |
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what does the thymus do?
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makes T cells and matures T cells
teaches T cells to distinguish between self and non self Those that do not learn are eliminated |
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what do lymph nodes do?
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store T and B cells
strain lymph to eliminate antigens |
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what does lymph carry?
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lymphocytes
antigens macrophages |
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what does the spleen do?
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gets rid of worn out cells (red pulp)
white pulp ? |
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group of lymph nodes in the end of the small intestines near juncture with large intestine
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peyer's patches
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what 4 things make up the reticuloendothelial system?
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tonsils
adenoids appendix peyer's patches |
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what is the 2nd line of defense of innate immunity?
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inflammation
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coats antigen to be phagocytized, prevents formation of large Ag-Ab complexes
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C3b
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humoral immunity
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B cells
in blood produce specific antibodies to antigens |
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cell mediated immunity
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T cells
direct cell destruction |
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cytokines
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communicate to the B and T cells
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what can T cells find that B cells can't?
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intracellular parasites
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Major Histocompatibility Complex
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transport proteins that carry antigen fragments to T lymphocyte
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Helper T's
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CD4+
initiate and orchestrate immune response |
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Suppressor T's
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Reduce humoral response, immunoglobulin production
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cytotoxic T's
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CD8+
bind to surface of cell membrane and kill directly with lymphokines |
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Humoral Immunity
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B cells produce specific antibody, antigen presented to T cells, plasma cells produce and secrete antigen specific Ig
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Clonal Selection Theory
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each b lymphocyte contains all genetic info necessary to produce a lifetime of b cells
produces one type of antibody per b cell |
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what makes immunoglobulins?
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mature b cells or plasma cells
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what stays the same in all immunoglobulins?
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the two heavy chains
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largest immunoglobulin
first produced during infection peaks 1-2 weeks increases in chronic infection activates complement cascade |
IgM
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80% of immunoglobulins circulating are there?
Highest during secondary response slowest during primary crosses placenta and breast milk |
IgG
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which immunoglobulin opsonizes, neutralizes bacteria, increases phagocytosis, and attacks antigens directly?
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IgG
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secretory antibody
defends mucosal tissue increased in chronic infections and inflammation |
IgA
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Little known about this immunoglobulin, helps with the maturation of B cells
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IgD
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this immunoglobulin response to hypersensitivity, allergic, and parasitic infections
binds with mast cells |
IgE
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Primary response of Humoral immunity
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approx. 6 days after antigen introduced, IgMs are detected
IgG appears approx. 10 days and lasts much longer |
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secondary response of humoral immunity
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reintroduction of antigen
IgG production is almost immediate |
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protein molecules produced by virally infected cells
(alpha, beta, gamma) |
interferons
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activate NK cells
bind to receptors of healthy host cells and prevents infection of them |
interferons
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biochemical messengers sent from one leukocyte to another "walky talky"
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interleukins
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active immunity
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antibody formation after antigen exposure
natural- bee sting artificial- vaccine |
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passive immunity
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no antibodies formed
natural- breast milk artificial- gammaglobulins |
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S and S of type 1 anaphylactic rxn
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swelling (increase vascular permeability)
vasodilation (decrease BP) bronchoconstriction |
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treatment of anaphylactic rxn?
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epinephrine
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what chemicals are released in mast cell degranulation during IgE mediated bronchial asthma?
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histamine
leukotrienes prostaglandins serotonin (increase swelling) bradykinin (pain) |
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what inhibits mast cell degranulation?
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cAMP
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what facilitates mast cell degranulation?
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cGMP
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what stops both cAMP and cGMP?
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phospodiesterase (PDE)
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beta adrenergic agonist
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heart and lungs
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alpha adrenergic agonist
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arm
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cromolyn
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like singular works over a long time (not instant)
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Hypersensitivity rxn type 2
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antibody combines with non-foreign antigen
complement activation lysis of host cell phagocytosis ex. immune hemolytic anemia and Goodpasture's syndrome |
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hypersensitivity rsn type 3
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immune complex
drugs or foriegn proteins Ab-Ag complexes are big and the deposit in tissues (kidneys, lungs, joints, etc) results in inflammatory response can't be removed!!! ex. glomerulonephritis |
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caused by horse serum and drugs
Ag-Ab complexes deposited in blood causing vasculitis pain, fever, rash, lymphadenopathy |
serum sickness
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caused by temperature dependent depositions of immune complexes in peripheral circulation
localized pallor, numbness, cyanosis, gangrene |
Raynaud Phenomenon
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caused by repeated local exposure to exogenous antigen, reacts with previously formed antibody in blood vessel walls
pain, swelling, TISSUE DAMAGE, gangrene |
Arthus Reaction
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Hypersensitivity Type 4
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cell mediated
T lymphocyte cytotoxicity causes cell death ex. PPD Tuberculosis poison ivy graft rejection |
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ability to recognize proteins as part of self fails
begins to make autoantibodies ex. myasthenia gravis |
autoimmunity
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what causes autoimmunity especially in lupus?
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sunlight
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a lot fo problems with cell membranes
antigen antibody complexes lodge in body tissue causing inflammatory rxn, the neutrophils are unable to phagocytize, lysosomes try to kill them |
Systematic Lupus Erythematosus
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S and S of SLE
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muscle pain
arthritis vasculitis butterfly rashh anemia cardiovascular disease |
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cell mediated tissue destruciton of connective tissues, most common in women
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RA
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Ag Ab complexes form and deposit, IgM and IgG mutate, synovial tissue inflammed, complement activated, prostaglandins and kinins released
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RA
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S and S of RA
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anorexia
fatigue weakness join pain, stiffness, warmth |
