Biopesticides

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Pesticide

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Substance or a mixture of substances that is used to either kill or repel pests

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Biopesticide

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More specific kind of pesticide, made from biological molecules such as animals, plants, bacteria and minerals

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Fungicides

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Control fungus infections

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Herbicides

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Control weed growth

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Insecticide

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Control the growth of insects that harm crops or vector diseases

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Rodenticide

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Control the rodents, such as mice, rats etc.

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Molluscicides

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Control molluscs, such as snails and slugs

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Miticides

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Control for mites

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Avicides

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Control for birds that might harm the crops or cause diseace

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Properties of Pesticides

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Either they have a broad spectrum, affecting varied number of species or they are specific to small group of animal/ specie

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Benefits of a Pesticide

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1. Eliminate unwanted weeds
2. Eliminate unwanted molluscs in agricultural and gardening settings
3. Decrease the evidence of vector-borne diseases in humans and animals

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how pests affect the agriculture industry?

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1. Destroy crops
2. Destroy stored foods leading to global shortage of food
3. Cause money damage

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Mosquito is a vector for?

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Malaria, Dengue, Yellow fever, Filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Rift Valley fever and West Nile virus

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Sandflies

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leishmaniasis

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tstes flies

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african sleeping sickness

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ticks

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lyme disease

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fleas

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plague

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Example of pesticides

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1. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) : pesticide extenders
2. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)

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Examples of biopesticides

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1. Microbial pesticides
2. Biochemical pesticides
3. Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs)

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Microbial pesticides

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Use of bacterium such as Bacillus thuringeinsis

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1901

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Ishiwata Shigetane discovered that bacterium was the causative agent for disease affecting silk worm

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1911

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Ernst Berliner isolated a bacillus sp. on a moth and named it after thuringia

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1938

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First commercialized biopesticide produced in france (sporeine)

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1956

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T.Angus demonstrated that crytalline proteins is responsible for the insecticide function

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1980's

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Cloning of genes encoding crystal proteins and then genetically engineering the genes into the plant to get plants expressing cry proteins

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1996

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Transgenic Bt cotton reached market first time

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Bacillus thuringiensis

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Gram positive bacteria that are present in soil, water or plant surfaces. During sporulation they produce crystalline gamma-endotoxins (cry or cyt) , which are toxic to pests. These are safe to humans, vertebrates and plants and are also biodegradable.

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Cry specificities

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1. Insects: Lepidoptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera and diptera
2. Nematodes

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Cyt specificity

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Insect: Diptera

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Lepidoptera

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Butterflies and moths, Cry1Ba against larvae of moths

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Choleoptera

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Beetles and weevils, Cry1Ba against beetles

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Hymenoptera

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wasps, bees, ants

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Diptera

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mosquitoes and flies, Cry1Ba against flies

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alpha-helical toxin

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Diptheria, exotoxing A and cry proteins

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beta-barrel toxins

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aerolysin, alpha-hemolysin, Cyt toxins

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Properties of Cry and Cyt

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1. Crystalline proteins
2. Water soluble
3. Change conformation in alkaline solution
4. Insert into or translocate across host cell membrane
5. Produced as pro-toxins with large C-terminal with cysteines, which allows for forming crystalline array and solublizing in alkaline conditions

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Cry proteins used in which biotechnologies?

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1. Control of pests in forestry
2. Controls of mosquitoes that are vectors for human diseases
3. Development of transgenic insect resistant plants

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Mode of action of Cry proteins

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1. Crystal proteins present on plants
2. Susceptible insect ingests these proteins
3. Crystal dissolves in mid-gut area due to alkaline environment
4. The solubilized protein is activated by protease cleavage in mid-gut
5. Activated toxin binds to specific receptors on mid-gut epithelium
6. Insertion of the toxin into membrane
7. Leading to pore formation in the microvilli of the apical surfaces
8. Cell lysis because of ion leakage
9. The contents in the gut are released into the body cavity causing septicemia
10. Insect dies within 3 days!

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Tobakki

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Bt. supsp. aizawai: produces 6 different cry proteins getting dual toxicity: for lepidopteran and dipteran

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Disadvantages of Bt biopesticides spray

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1. Unequal delivery
2. Lack of access to pests
3. Susceptible to UV degradation and removal by water
4. Multiple application required
5. Resistance notes in indianmeal moth

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Transgenic plants

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Includes cry protein gene in the genome. Transfered using Ti-plasmids T-DNA

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Advantages of Bt transgenic plants

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1. Stops the pests that try to burrow into the plant
2. Eliminates the labour and expenses needed by continuous spraying
3. No resistance detected yet

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Bt biopesticide spray

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contains mixture of spores and insecticidal crystals