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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Once an egg is fertilized, it is a
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zygote
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In the earliest stages of development, an animal is called an
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embryo
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Name the four processes of development
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Determination, Differentiation, Morphogenesis, Growth
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_____________ sets the developmental fate of the cell (what type of cell it will be) even before any characteristics
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Determination
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_____________ is the process by which different types of cells arise from less specialized cells
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Differentiation
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The organization and spatial distributions of differentiated cells into the multicellular body and its organs
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Morphogenesis
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Increase in size of the body and its organs by cell division and cell expansion.
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Growth
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_______ is a commitment; the final realization of that commitiment is _______
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Determination; Differentiation
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Signaling events by which cells in a developing embryo communicate and influene one another's deelopmental fate
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Induction
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Chemical signals that trugger signal transduction pathways in developing cells
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Inducers
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Substances whose concentration gradient affects specific target cells and determines a developmental pattern
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Morphogens
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Genes that control pattern of body formation
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Homeotic genes
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A group of individuals of a single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic are at the same time
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Population
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Any change in the nucelotide sequence of an organisms DNA
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Mutation
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A favored trait that evolves throug natural selection is called an
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Adaptation
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Random chagnes in allele frequency from one generation to the next is
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genetic drift
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Five requirements for hardy weinberg
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No mutation, selection, gene flow and there is infinite population and random mating
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A diagramatic reconstruction of evolutionary history
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Phylogenetic tree
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A series of ancestors and descendant populations is a
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lineage
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The depiction of an event that caused a division of an ancestral population into two descendant populations
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Node
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Any group of species designated with a name
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Taxon
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Any features shared by two or more species inherited from a common ancestor are
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homologous
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The ancestral trait evolves into the
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derived trait
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Similar traits evolving independantly in different lineages is called
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convergent evolution
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A character may revert from derivied state to ancestral state is called
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evolutionary reversal
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The preferred explanation of observed data is the siplest explanation
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Principle of Parsimony
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Things that can be used for phylogenetic analysis
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Morphology, Development, Fossils, Molecular Data
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The rate of molecular changes are constant enough that they can be used to predict evolutionary divergence times
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Molecular Clock Hypothesis
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The divergence of biological lineages and the emergence of reproductive isolation between lineages
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Speciation
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Species Concepts
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Morphological Speciation, Biological Speciation
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Biological species concept defines species as natural populations that
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actually or potentially interbreed
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Geographical Speciation is also called
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Allopatric speciation
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Speciation without geographical isolation is called
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Sympatric Speciation
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The duplication of set of chromosomes within individuals
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Polyploidy
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What keeps two spevies from merging?
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Pre and post zygotic isolating mechanisms
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Name the pre zygotic isolating mechansims
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Mechanical isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, Habitat isolation, gameitc isolation
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These reduce the fitness of hybrid offspring
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Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
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T/F Induction onvolves activation of specific sets of genes
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Tru
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T/F Induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expresssion
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Tru
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T/F Hox genes regulate differentitaion such that cells develop for correct body region
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tru
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T/F Transcription factors are fundamental for process of cell differentiation
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tru
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T/F Induction involves signal transduction cascades
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tru
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T/F Hox genes are an example of a conserved gene
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tru
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T/F Determination is influenced by gene expression
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tru
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T/F The strictural and functional divergenve of cells in development is due to the expression of genes specific to a particualr tissue or organ
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tru
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T/F Genes controlling positional information have been conserved
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Tru
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T/F Determination occurs before differentiation
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Tru
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A change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is
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evolution
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Founder effect is associated with
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genetic drift
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The origin of novel genetic variation is
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mutation
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When can a previous deleterious or neutral allele become advantageous?
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Environmental change
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Measures of allele frequency range between what?
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Zero and one
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The sum of all alleles at a loci found in a ppulation constitutes the
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gene pool
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Genetic drift is random/nonrandom
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random
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How does natural selection remove a deleterious mutation from the population
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Orgs with del muts have diminsihed survivability and reproductive capabilites
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Genetic drift is associated with large/small populations
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small
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Number of copies of a given allele in the population is
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allele frequency
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T/F Prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent gene flow
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tru
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An infectious disease transmitted to humans from animals is called a
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zoonotic disease
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What could cause allopatric speciation
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Formation of new mountain range
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Hybrid infertility is a type of
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Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
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