Bionic Human Final Exam

Front 1

Which node generates impulses about 75 times/minute?

Back 1

Sinoatrail (SA)

Front 2

Which node delays the impulse approx .01 second?

Back 2

Atrioventrical (AV)

Front 3

Impulses pass from the _____ to ______ via the ______ bundle?

Back 3

atria, ventricles, atrioventrical

Front 4

What does a pacemaker do?

Back 4

stimulate cardiac depolarization

sense intrinsic cardiac function

response to increased metabolic demand

Gives off diagnostics stored by pacemaker

Front 5

What does an implantable defibrillator do?

Back 5

Accurate sensing of heart electrical activity, and pulse to restart the heart.

Front 6

Bileaflet Design (description)

Back 6

Large opening angle

Lowest Pressure Gradients

Minimal turbulence and lower Thrombogenicity

Front 7

Complications of Artifical Heart Valves?

Back 7

Wear, blockage, getting stuck, regurgitation, material fatigue, biocompatibility

Front 8

What is known as the bridge to transplant?

Back 8

LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device)

Front 9

Who uses the LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device)

Back 9

Used in patients with severe heart failure

Front 10

What does the LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device) do ?

Back 10

Moves blood from left ventricle to aorta through pump.

Front 11

How does the LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device) help the heart?

Back 11

It reduces the workload of the heart, letting it regain it's strength.

Front 12

What does blood pressure actually mean?

Back 12

The pressure of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood.

Front 13

What are the two types of blood pressure?

Back 13

Systolic and diastolic

Front 14

What is systolic pressure?

Back 14

The pressure when the heart is pumping blood

Front 15

What is Diastolic pressure?

Back 15

When the heart is at rest between beats.

Front 16

What is normal blood pressure?

Back 16

120/80

Front 17

Define Stomatic Cell?

Back 17

A mature differentiated cell

i.e skin cell

Front 18

Define Differentiated Cell?

Back 18

Committed to being a specialized cell

Front 19

Define undifferentiated cell?

Back 19

Retains the potential to become multiple specialized cell types.

Front 20

Define Stem Cell ?

Back 20

Primitive, undifferentiated cells

Front 21

Define multipotent?

Back 21

Can give rise to multiple (but not all cell types)

Front 22

Define Pluripotent?

Back 22

Can give rise to all cell types of the body

Front 23

How many chromosones do humans have from each parent?

Back 23

23

Front 24

Mitochondria DNA comes only from who?

Back 24

The mother

Front 25

How long is the cell's DNA

Back 25

About 3 meters in length

Front 26

DNA must be ____ in order to be exposed for gene expression?

Back 26

unwind

Front 27

All cells in the body have an _______ genotype

Back 27

Identical

Front 28

What is a phenotype?

Back 28

An observable Characteristic

Front 29

When a gene is expressed the result is the production of the _____ it codes for

Back 29

Protein

Front 30

How Stem cells work?

Back 30

Manipulation of the environment to coax a stem cell into thinking it needs to become the desired type of cell

Front 31

Caterpillar and butterfly contain 1 ____ and 2 ______

Back 31

Genotype

Phenotype

Front 32

Define Embryonic Stem Cells?

Back 32

The infamously debated cells. They are pluripotent

Front 33

Where are Embryonic Stem cells derived from?

Back 33

Blastocyst of developing embryo

Front 34

Define Cord Blood Stem Cells?

Back 34

Essentially blood stem cells with some evidence of potential for other tissues.

Front 35

What are autologous cells?

Back 35

The paitents won cells.

Front 36

What is Malignant teratoma?

Back 36

It is a type of cancer made of cysts that contain one or more of the three layers of cells found in developing fetus at the gastrula stage.

Front 37

What are the three layers in malignant teratoma?

Back 37

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, endoderm.

Front 38

Requirements for Theraputic Cloning?

Back 38

Requires an egg cell and the nucleus of normal adult cell

Front 39

Requirements for Induced pluripotency?

Back 39

Involves genetic manipulation of adult somatic cell.

Front 40

What is intestinal regeneration?

Back 40

New surface every 2-3 days, constantly diving.

Front 41

A healthy liver can regenerate after how much of it is surgically removed?

Back 41

2/3's of it.

Front 42

What drives the liver to regenerate, and what does it not involve?

Back 42

proliferation, and does not involve activity of stem cells.

Front 43

Tissue Transplantation Autografts (define)

Back 43

From the same organism

Front 44

Tissue Transplantation Allografts (define)

Back 44

From the same species (human to another human)

Front 45

Tissue Transplantation Xenografts (define)

Back 45

From another species (human to animal)

Front 46

What does a scaffold do?

Back 46

Provides a three dimensional space for new tissue development

Front 47

What is a key design feature of scaffolds?

Back 47

Interconnecting Pores

Front 48

What does extarcelluar matrix do?

Back 48

Acts as the glue to hold cells together

Front 49

What is extracellular typically made out of?

Back 49

collagen

Front 50

Define a bioreactor

Back 50

A manufacored or enguneered device or system that supports a biologically active environment. (help with tissue engineering)

Front 51

Which allele codes for function enzymes or structural proteins?

Back 51

Dominant

Front 52

When will a recessive allele show up?

Back 52

when both alleles are recessive

Front 53

What are the two steps in protein synthesis?

Back 53

Transcription and translation

Front 54

What is Transcription in P.S

Back 54

Process by which the MRNA is synthesized

Front 55

What is translation in P.S

Back 55

Process by which the mRNA is used to direct synthesis of a protein

Front 56

DNA ploymerase Chain reaction developed by who and when?

Back 56

Kary Mullis in 1983

Front 57

A theraputetic cell will serve to?

Back 57

initiate new function, restore old function and interfere with existing function

Front 58

There are very few ________ diseases

Back 58

monogenic (i.e cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia)

Front 59

____ _diseases are caused by the combined action of _______

Back 59

Polygenic, more than one

Front 60

An example of Plasmid in Genetic recombination is ?

Back 60

Production of human insulin in bacteria

Front 61

What is a virus?

Back 61

A small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms

Front 62

Two major parts of a virus?

Back 62

Genetic material made from DNA or RNA

Protein coat that protects

Front 63

What are retroviruses?

Back 63

have enzymes reverse transcriptase to assemble DNA from their RNA... in order to Integrate their synthesized DNA into hosts genome

Front 64

Adenovirus does what?

Back 64

Synthesizes mRNA from their DNA

Front 65

Lentivirus is a type of a

Back 65

retrovirus

Front 66

What are oncogenes?

Back 66

They cause cancer when and if they are mutated

Front 67

Advantage and Disadvantage of Viral Vectors?

Back 67

efficent and long term

complex, potentially toxic, strong immunogenicity

Front 68

Advantages and Disadvantages of Non Viral Vectors

Back 68

Less toxic/simple

less efficient, moderate immunogenicity, transient effect

Front 69

Define Transgenic

Back 69

Gene or genes transferred from different species

Front 70

Define Knockout

Back 70

One or more genes made inoperable

Front 71

Define Knockin

Back 71

A gene is replaced by another to see if the two genes are functionally equivalent

Front 72

Define synthetic genome

Back 72

Designing or building a genome that does not exist in nature.

Front 73

What is differentiate in a stem cell?

Back 73

It is a series of steps from initial commitment to becoming a functional, specialize cell

Front 74

Who was the first person to use the word "Cell"

Back 74

Robert Hooke

Front 75

4 bases in DNA

Back 75

Adenine, Thymine

Cytosine, Guanine

Front 76

What is a hematopoietic Stem cell?

Back 76

Derived from bone marrow, can give rise to all blood cells

Front 77

What is a mesenchymal stem cell?

Back 77

Derived primarily from bone marrow but also from fat tissue

Front 78

Where is the most abundant reservoir of stem cells in an adult human?

Back 78

Bone Marrow

Front 79

For a new Patent must contain ?

Back 79

Novel, Useful and Non-Obvious

Front 80

Three Principles of Animal Use

Back 80

Reduce, Replace, Refine

Front 81

Belmont Principle

Back 81

Respect for Persons, Justice, and Benefince

Front 82

The three categories in IBR

Back 82

Full, Expedidted, Exempt

Front 83

Osteoblasts define

Back 83

Produce and secrete bone matrix

Front 84

Osteoclasts define

Back 84

Bone resorption

Front 85

Osteocytes

Back 85

Osteoblasts become osteocytes after being stuck in the calcified bone.

Front 86

The majority of bone is

Back 86

extracellular matric

Front 87

Osteoporosis is the

Back 87

increased bone porosity

Reduction in bone mass

disruption of bone architecture

Front 88

Which type of bone is most severly affected by osteoporosis?

Back 88

Cancellous

Front 89

Osteparthritis is characterized by?

Back 89

breakdown of cartilage

Front 90

Ligaments do what?

Back 90

connect bones to bones

Front 91

What are ligaments made out of?

Back 91

collagen

Front 92

What is the type of cell that produces collagen in tensions?

Back 92

Fibroblast

Front 93

Define scientific hypothessi

Back 93

A testable and falisiable explanation for a scientific observation

Front 94

What is science?

Back 94

the process of using observations and experiments to draw evidence-based conclusions

Front 95

What must a scientific hypothesis be?

Back 95

testable and falsifiable

Front 96

Define scientific fact?

Back 96

is a reproducible, observable, natural occurrence. (object falls to ground)

Front 97

Define Scientific theory?

Back 97

is attempt to explain how this natural occurrence works

Front 98

Define Scientific Law?

Back 98

mathematical description of this natural occurrence (newtons law)

Front 99

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Back 99

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