Biomolecules

Front 1

Organic

Back 1

Presence of carbon in living organisms

Front 2

Inorganic

Back 2

Compounds that contain No carbon

Front 3

Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation

Back 3

Joins two monomers or subunits together to form polymers with energy. Loss of water from reactants (OH and H from different molecules)

Front 4

Hydrolysis

Back 4

"Water Break"
Polymers are broken into monomers with the addition of water (enzymes are needed)

Front 5

Polysaccharide

Back 5

Condensation reactions linking disaccharides.
Repeating units of glucose (a, b)
Structural, Storage functions
(Ex: Starch in plants, Glycogen in animals, Cellulose, Chitin)

Front 6

Triglyceride

Back 6

Condensation from glycerol and fatty acid. Three fatty acid chains and three condensation reactions needed)

Front 7

Monosaccharide

Back 7

Simple sugars (ex:alpha and beta glucose, fructose).
Immediate energy needs of a cell

Front 8

Disaccharide

Back 8

2 monosaccharides by glycosidic bond.
Ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Front 9

All Carbohydrates have....

Back 9

Hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups- provide polar quality

Front 10

Amylose...

Back 10

-Soluble in water (enzyme amylase)-digestible
-Polysaccharide (1,4)
-**Compounded ALPHA glucose

Front 11

Cellulose

Back 11

-**Compounded of BETA glucose
-Polysaccharide (1,4)
-Not digestible (no enzyme catalase)
- Linear Molecule, linked by fibrils
-Fibrils held by Hydrogen Bonds

Front 12

Lipid Functions

Back 12

1) Long term energy storage (Nonpolar)
2) Protection from dehydration
3) Insulation
4) Cell Membranes
5) Formation into steroid hormones

Front 13

Amphipathic

Back 13

Molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Front 14

Phospholipid

Back 14

-Glycerol and Fatty Acid Tails
- 2 Fatty acids
- 1 Phosphate Group
-Arranged in bilayer
- Fatty Acid Head- polar- hydrophilic
- Fatty Acid Tail- nonpolar- hydrohphobic

Front 15

How soap removes greasy stains...

Back 15

-Soap is a amphipathic molecule
-Polar end of soap attract to polar Water molecules
-Other end attracts fat and grease (nonpolar)
-Water is polar and dissolves polar and ionic molecules.
-Emulsification of fats
-Micelle is formed
-Grease washed away

Front 16

Micelle

Back 16

Spherical unit of soap and grime
-easily discarded with water

Front 17

Cholesterol

Back 17

-Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
-Provide Stability and fluidity in membrane
-4 Interlocking rings- 3 hexagons, 1 pentagon

Front 18

Carbohydrates

Back 18

-Short term energy storage
-Easy transport
-Soluble
(Ex:glucose- cellular respiration; glycogen-short term polysaccharide)

Front 19

Amino Acid Structure

Back 19

Amino group (NH2)
Carboxyl Group (COOH)
-20 different types

Front 20

R Group

Back 20

Polar, Nonpolar, Acidic, Basic
Interaction between them result in determines shape

Front 21

Essential Amino Acids

Back 21

The 8 of the 20 amino acids that humans need to be met through our diet.
(ex: Argenine)

Front 22

Four Levels of Protein Structure

Back 22

1) Amino Acid sequence (#, kind, order)
2) Folding- Beta Pleeted Sheet- Hydrogen Bonds stabalize
3) Folding of helix-disulfide bridges
4) Joining of polypeptides to make a protein
(ex: collagen- 3 polypeptides)

Front 23

Hemoglobin

Back 23

-Large
-Globular
-4 polypeptide chains
-Conjugated- contains nonpolypeptide groups also- prosthetic groups.
-Iron atoms carry oxygen in RBC

Front 24

Fibrous

Back 24

-Long Slender
- Slightly folded
- H Bonds (secondary structure, little 3 structure)
(ex: collagen- connective tissue)

Front 25

Globular

Back 25

-Highly folded
-Held by: H Bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophilic interactions, disulfide bridges (covalent)
(ex: hemoglobin)

Front 26

Enzymes

Back 26

The active site- the site where the substrate binds.

Front 27

Nucleic Acids

Back 27

-Monomers- Nucleotides
-Nucleotide subunits:
phosphate group, pentose (ribose) sugar, nitrogenous base

-Bases= Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

Pyrimidlines- bases with Ys
Purines- other 2

Front 28

Nucleotides

Back 28

-Covalently joined (long polymers)
- Sugar, Phosphate, Sugar, Phosphate

Front 29

DNA Molecule Structure in Cells

Back 29

-double polymer
-double stranded
-parallel strands
-opposite direction
**Bases form rungs of the ladder-hold the 2 strands together by H Bond

Front 30

DNA

Back 30

-provides info code for the construction of proteins.
-directs placement of amino acids in specific order
-Easily replicated (cellular sex)

Front 31

RNA

Back 31

-single standed
-can assume more shapes
-Functions:
1) rRNA- assembles amino acids into proteins
2) mRNA- transfers DNA code from nucleus to ribosome
3)tRNA- moves amino acids to ribosome- amino acids are made into proteins