Biomes, Ecosystems, Communities, Populations

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3 Domains

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-Eubacteria - Bacteria

-archaebacteria - Archaea

-eukaryotes - Eukarya = protists, fungi, plants, animals

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Prokaryotes

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-single circle in "nucleoid region"

-usually single-celled, some have peptidoglycan cell walls

-may not need oxygen

-no organelles, different ribosomes

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Eukaryotes

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-membrane-bound nucleus

-often multicellular, some have cell walls

-usually need oxygen

-membrane bound organells

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Bacteria

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prokaryotic, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs

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Archaea

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prokaryotic, phototrophs, lithotrophs, organotrophs

(groups: extremophiles, halophiles, methanogens

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Protists

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eukaryotic, autotrophs/heterotrophs

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Fungi

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multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, chitin cell walls

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Plants

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Multicellular, eukaryotic, generally autotrophs, cellulose and lignin cell walls

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Animals

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Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, no cell walls

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Emergent Properties

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new properties emerges at each level in the biological hierarchy

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Hierarchical Organization - Population Level

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Population - Species - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere

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All species are related by an _______.

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evolutionary history

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Population

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group of individuals of the same species occupying a specified area

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Community

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all populations of all species occupying a specified area

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Ecosystem

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a community that is interacting with its physical environment

=biotic + abiotic

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Atmospheric Circulation

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High precipitation near equator because of rising air that is cooled

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Solstices and Equinoxes

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Ocean Circulation

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Distribution of Biomes

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The Carbon Cycle

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The Water Cycle

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The Nitrogen Cycle

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The Phosphorus Cycle

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____ can act as a temperature buffer.

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Water

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Abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms includes:

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temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks, and soil

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Climate is:

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time and space patterns of precipitation, temperature, and wind

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Predictors of Biome Distribution

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Lapse Rate

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Change in temperature with altitude or latitude

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Arctic Tundra has _____ a permanently frozen layer of soil that prevents __________.

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permafrost; water infiltration

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Temperate Rain Forest is located in _______.

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coastal areas where ocean moderates air temperatures

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Alpine tundra is located ________.

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high mountaintops at all latitudes

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Atmospheric Circulation

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Oceanic Circulation

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Geographical Distribution of Biomes

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The Water Cycle

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The Carbon Cycle

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The Nitrogen Cycle

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The Phosphorous Cycle

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Total primary production is known as the ecosystem's ________.

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gross primary production (GPP)

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________is gross primary production (GPP) minus enery used by primary producers for respiration.

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Net primary production (NPP)

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Only ____ is available to consumers.

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net primary production (NPP)

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Approximately ___% of energy passes to the next trophic level.

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10

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Top-Down Effect

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=trophic cascade

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Bottom-Up Effect

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adding to the bottom trophic will increase all trophic levels

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6 Types of Multi-Species Interactions

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competition, predation, herbivory/fugivory, symbiosis, parasitism, mutualism

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____ occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource in short supply.

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Interspecific competition

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____ occurs when individuals of the same species compete for a resource in short supply.

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Intraspecific competition

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Strong competition can lead to ____, local elimination of a competing species.

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competitive exclusion

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Competitive Exclusion Principle

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two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place indefinitely

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____ limits competition.

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Resource partitioning

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Fundamental Niche

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role you fill in environment; all ways

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Realized Niche

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actual niche because of competition

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____ can keep different species populations in check.

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Predators

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____uses the social behavior of the host.

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Social parasite

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In mutualism, an ____ is needed for survival.

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obligate

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In mutualism, a ____ is beneficial but not needed. (e.i. pollinators)

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facultative

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Lichen=

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algae + fungi

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Nodules =

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plant + bacteria

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Mycorrhizae =

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fungus + plant root

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In ______, individuals advertise their poisonous nature

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aposematic coloration or warning coloration

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In ____, individuals are camouflaged.

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cryptic coloration or blending coloration

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In ____, a harmless species mimics a harmful one.

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Batesian mimicry

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In ____, two unpalatable species mimic each other.

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Mullerian mimicry

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Animal defense against predators include:

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chemical defenses (poisons, stings, etc.), defensive coloration, and behavioral defenses

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Symbiosis

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a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

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Ecological Succession

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-over time, one array of species is replaced by another; change in the composition of a community

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Primary Succession

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-occurs on substrate that was barren

-stages:

-pioneer - from barren all the way to perennial herbs, grasses

-intermediate - grasses, shrubs, shade-intolerant trees

-climax community - shade-tolerant trees

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Secondary Succession

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-shifting species presence and succession

-stages:

-facilitation

-inhibition

-tolerance

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Establishment

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Early successional stages are characterized by weedy, r-selected species that are tolerant of the harsh, abiotic conditions in barren areas.

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acilitation

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Weedy early successional stages introduce local changes in the the habitat that favor other, less weedy species.

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Inhibition

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Sometimes the changes in the habitat caused by one species, while favoring other species, also inhibit the growth of the original species that caused the changes.

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Predator-prey relationships can foster ____.

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coevolution

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_____ gives the highest species richness.

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Intermediate disturbance

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First Law of Ecology

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Everything is connected to everything else.

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Population

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groups of individuals that occur together at one place and time

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3 Characteristics of Population Ecology

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1. population range - geographic distribution

2. pattern of spacing

3. population change in size through time

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3 Patterns of Spacing

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random - no strong interaction between individuals

uniform - may result from competition for resources or behavioral interactions

clumped - response to uneven distribution of resources or social interactions

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Exponential Growth

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-population increase under idealized conditions

-rate of reproduction is at max (intrinsic rate of increase

dN/dt = rN

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Carrying Capacity

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maximum population sustained by environmental resources

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Logistic Growth Model

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dN/dt = rN x ((K-N)/K)

*inflection point = K/2

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Density-dependent Controls

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limiting factors become more intense as population size/density increases (negative feedback)

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density-independent controls

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factors unaffected by population size/density regulate population size

*natural disasters, fires, etc.

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Life tables account for ______.

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age group specific factors, such as age-specific fertility rate and age-specific survivorship rate

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Survivorship Curves

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Semelparity

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one reproductive event

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Cost of reproduction

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reduction in future reproductive potential resulting from current reproductive efforts

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iteroparity

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multiple reproductive events

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r-Selected Species

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-small individuals

-little/no parental care/protection

-early reproductive age

-adapted to unstable environment

-high pop. growth rate (r)

-generalist niche

-highly fluctuating pop. size

-low ability to compete

-early successional species

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K- selected Species

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-fewer, larger individuals

-high parental care/protection

-later reproductive age

-adapted to stable environments

-lower pop. growth (r)

-pop. size fairly stable near carrying capacity (K)

-specialist niche

-high ability to compete

-late successional species

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Conservation Goals

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-protect species

-preserve genetic variation

-protect processes

-protect habitats and ecosystems

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Rare species

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species with small pop. sizes or found in a small area

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Endemic species

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species found in a particular place

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Extinct species

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a species that exists no more in a particular area (locally extinct) or globally (biologically extinct)

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Threatened species

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species experiencing a decline in numbers

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Endangered species

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species facing the immediate risk going extinct throughout a portion or all of its range

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How Humans Impact Biodiversity

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Habitat destruction

Introduced species

Pollution

Population growth

Overharvesting

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Dominant species

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those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass

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Keystone species

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exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches

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Foundation species

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(aka ecosystem engineers) cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure

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Flagship species

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acts as icon for defined habitat, issue, campaign, or environmental cause

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Umbrella species

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protecting these species indirectly protects many other species

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Point Source Water Pollution

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source of pollution readily located and identified (municipal and industrial waste discharge pipes)

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Non-Point Source water Pollution

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agricultural runoff/watershed

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Why is dissolved organic matter a significant water pollution problem?

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If too much organic matter is added, all available oxygen will be used up (Biochemical oxygen demand BOD)

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Eutrophication

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enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both

process where bodies of water receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth

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Metapopulation

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distinct populations that may exchange members; serve as routes of migration

-the population in the better areas (the sources) continually send out dispersers that bolster the populations in the poorer habitats (the sinks)

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5 Fundamental Properties of Living Things

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1. cellular organization

2. energy utilization

3. homeostasis

4. growth, development, and reproduction

5. heredity

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Deductive Reasoning

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applies general principles to predict specific results

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Inductive Reasoning

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applies specific observations to make generalizations