Biomedical Science Chapter 11

Front 1

digestive system

Back 1

the tube where food is digested and absorbed and undigested residues are expelled. Also called the GI tract

Front 2

sphincter

Back 2

an array of circular muscles that regulates the passage of material between neighboring sections of the digestive tube

Front 3

bolus

Back 3

a ball of chewed and swallowed food

Front 4

palate

Back 4

roof of the mouth

Front 5

salivary amylase

Back 5

enzyme in saliva that begins the chemical digestion of starch

Front 6

salivary glands

Back 6

glands that produce saliva, a mix of water, enzymes, and other substances

Front 7

tooth's crown

Back 7

made of enamel -- hardest substance in the body

Front 8

dentin

Back 8

bonelike layer

Front 9

pulp cavity

Back 9

contains blood vessels and nerves

Front 10

incisors

Back 10

bite of chunks of food

Front 11

canines

Back 11

tear food

Front 12

premolars/molars

Back 12

grind food

Front 13

esophagus

Back 13

the passageway leading from the pharynx to the stomach

Front 14

peristalsis

Back 14

rhythmic smooth muscle contractions that propel food through the GI tract

Front 15

pharynx

Back 15

the throat

Front 16

chyme

Back 16

the pasty stomach contents formed from the mixing of food with gastric juice

Front 17

gastric juice

Back 17

the fluid formed as glands in the stomach lining release HCl mucus, enzymes, gastrin, bicarbonate, and other substances

Front 18

pepsin

Back 18

enzyme in gastric juice that helps digest proteins

Front 19

rugae

Back 19

folds in the inner wall (mucosa) of the stomach

Front 20

brush border

Back 20

the collective array of microvilli on epithelial cells lining intestinal mucosa

Front 21

microvillus

Back 21

any of the hundreds of microscopic projections of the plasma membranes of epithelial cells that cover villi

Front 22

villus

Back 22

a fingerlike projection from the mucosa (inner surface) of the small intestine

Front 23

accessory organs

Back 23

Pancreas, gallbladder, and liver

Front 24

bile

Back 24

fluid that contains bile salts; it forms in the liver

Front 25

gallbladder

Back 25

organ that stores bile from the liver

Front 26

hepatic portal system

Back 26

a system of blood vessels that divert blood from the small intestine to the liver for processing, then return it to the bloodstream

Front 27

liver

Back 27

organ that produces bile salts used in fat digestion. its other roles include storing excess glucose in blood and detoxifying waste ammonia from protein digestion

Front 28

pancreas

Back 28

the source of enzymes that dismantle complex food molecules; it also produces hormones that regulate blood sugar

Front 29

duodenum

Back 29

the first section of the small intestine, where chyme and digestive enzymes enter

Front 30

ileum

Back 30

final section of the small intestine, where absorption is completed and residues move toward the large intestine

Front 31

jejunum

Back 31

middle section of the small intestine, where most nutrients are digested and absorbed

Front 32

lacteals

Back 32

lymph vessels that take up triglycerides from digested fat and deliver them to the blood stream

Front 33

segmentation

Back 33

mechanical mixing of digested food moving through the small intestine

Front 34

anal canal

Back 34

the short passageway through which feces move from the rectum to the anus

Front 35

anus

Back 35

the terminal opening of the GI tract

Front 36

appendix

Back 36

a small, slender pouch off the cecum that contains lymphocytes. it doesn't function in digestion

Front 37

colon

Back 37

the portion of the large intestine that connects at its upper end to the small intestine and at its lower end to the rectum

Front 38

rectum

Back 38

the region of the large intestine that stores uneliminated feces

Front 39

Gastrin

Back 39

Hormone
Source: Stomach
Effects: increases acid secretion by stomach

Front 40

CCK

Back 40

Hormone
Source: Small intestine
Effects: increases enzyme secretion by pancreas and causes contraction of gallbladder

Front 41

Secretin

Back 41

Hormone
Source: Small intestine
Effects: Increases bicarbonate secretion by pancreas and slows contractions in the small intestine

Front 42

GIP

Back 42

Hormone
Source: Small intestine
Effects: stimulates pancreas to release insulin

Front 43

essential amino acid

Back 43

an amino acid that cannot be made in the body and so must be obtained from the diet

Front 44

essential fatty acid

Back 44

a fatty acid that cannot be made in the body and so must be obtained from the diet

Front 45

glycemic index

Back 45

ranking of foods by their effect on blood glucose during the two hours following a meal

Front 46

minerals

Back 46

inorganic substances with an essential role in metabolism

Front 47

vitamins

Back 47

organic substances with an essential role in metabolism

Front 48

appetite

Back 48

the desire to eat, apart from the physical need for it

Front 49

BMI

Back 49

body mass index, a measure of the ratio of weight to height

Front 50

BMR

Back 50

basal metabolic rate, the amount of energy needed to sustain body functions

Front 51

kilocalories

Back 51

the standard measure of food energy. one kcal equals 1,000 calories of heat energy

Front 52

obesity

Back 52

an excess of body fat with a BMI of 30 or higher

Front 53

metabolic syndrome

Back 53

a cluster of symptoms that increase the risk of disorders such as diabetes and atherosclerosis

Front 54

anorexia nervosa

Back 54

eating disorder in which a person purposely starves and may become dangerously thin

Front 55

binge eating

Back 55

eating an abnormally large quantity of food within a few hours

Front 56

bulimia nervosa

Back 56

eating disorder in which a person alternately binges and purges (vomiting or laxatives)