Biomedical Pharmacology Final Part Ii

Front 1

What is the preferred drug used for quick relief of asthmatic symptoms?

Back 1

Terbutaline (Brethine) and albuterol (Ventolin)

Front 2

2. What drugs are used for the prophylaxis of asthma? List 2 examples and indicate their difference – montelukast and cromolyn.

Back 2

*Montelukast (Singulair)* is a selective inhibitor of enzymes for the formation of leukotriene and *inhibitor of leukotriene receptors*
*Cromolyn (Crolom)* are effective prophylactic *anti inflammatory* agents by blocking the precipitation of immedicate and delayed asthmatic reactions, but are not useful in managing an acute asthmatic attack because they are not direct bronchodilators.

Front 3

What categories of drugs may be used to treat allergic rhinitis?

Back 3

Antihistamines, alpha-adrenergic agonists, corticosteroids

Front 4

What is the difference between 2 antitussive drugs – codeine and dextromethorphan?

Back 4

*Codeine* decreases the sensitivity of CNS cough centers to peripheral stimuli, and decrease mucosal secretion. *Is a narcotic*

*Dextromethorphan* suppresses the response of the cough center, has no analgesic or addictive potential, and is less constipating than codeine. *Is not a narcotic*

Front 5

What drug is a component of triple therapy for PUD, which is also used to treat amebiasis and giardiasis?

Back 5

Metronidazole (flagyl)

Front 6

What is the difference between H2-histamin receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors? Give one example of each – “tidine” and omeperazole

Back 6

H2 receptor blockers: Competitively block the binding of histamine to H2 receptors and reduce intracellular concentrations of cAMP and thereby, secretion of gastric acid
Proton pump inhibitors: Binds the proton pump of the parietal cell, suppressing secretion of hydrogen ions into gastric lumen

Front 7

Why are salts of aluminum and magnesium commonly used together as antacids?

Back 7

Because aluminum causes constipation and magnesium causes diarrhea, so combo evens out

Front 8

What antiemetic drug is a 5-HT3 serotonin receptor blocker?

Back 8

Ondansetron (Zofran)

Front 9

What type of antidiarrheal drug is loperamide?

Back 9

Antimotility (immodium)

Front 10

What are the side effects of drugs used to treat ED?

Back 10

Headache, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion

Front 11

What is the purpose of empiric antimicrobial therapy?

Back 11

Used to treat prior to microorganism identification because life-threatening condition, don’t have time

Front 12

What is the coverage of empiric antibiotics?

Back 12

Gram positive and gram negative microorganisms, aerobes, anaerobes.

Front 13

What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs?

Back 13

*Bacteriostatic drugs arrest growth and replication of bacteria* at serum levels achievable in patient, so that limits the spread of infection while the body’s immune system attacks, immobilizes and eliminates pathogens.

*Bactericidal drugs kill bacteria* and the total number of viable microorganisms decreases.’

Front 14

What are the chemotherapeutic spectra? List 3 groups.

Back 14

Narrow spectrum- single or one condition
Extended spectrum- a little bit more than narrow
Broad spectrum- everything
Only names, don’t need to explain, know coverage, self-explanatory

Front 15

What are the complications of antibiotic therapy?

Back 15

Hypersensitivity, toxicity and superinfections

Front 16

Which antibiotic is the most widely effective and among the least toxic?

Back 16

Penicillins

Front 17

Which antibiotic is used to treat MRSA and pseudomembranous colitis caused by C. difficile?

Back 17

vancomycin

Front 18

How are cephalosporins similar to penicillins?

Back 18

*Same mode of action* and affected by the same resistance mechanisms, but tend to be more resistant than the penicillins to beta lactamases.
*Interferes synthesis of cell wall*

Front 19

What generation of cephalosporins (and which drug) is the drug of choice for penicillin-resistant gonorrhea?

Back 19

Third generation drug is Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

Front 20

What categories of antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis?

Back 20

Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, etc. NOT penicillin or cephalosporin

Front 21

What 2 antibiotics are highly effective against respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract infections?

Back 21

Fluoroquinolones
Co-trimoxazole

Front 22

Why is multiple drug therapy employed to treat TB? What are these drugs?

Back 22

To help prevent or delay resistance during treatment.
Isoniazid (Nydrazid) or INH
Rifampin (Rifadin)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol (myambutol)
Streptomycin
Aminosalicylic acid, ethionamide (Trecator-SC), Cycloserine (Seromycin)

Front 23

What does amphotericin B treat? What is its mechanism?

Back 23

Systemic mycoses. Binds to ergosterol present in the cell membrane of fungal cells, disrupting membrane function.
*Systemic fungal infection*

Front 24

What 2 drugs are effective against both types of influenza?

Back 24

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Zanamivir (Relenza)

Front 25

What is the prototypic drug for herpes infections?

Back 25

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

Front 26

What is AZT used to treat and prevent?

Back 26

HIV

Front 27

What kind of anticancer drugs are MTX and 5-FU?

Back 27

Anti metabolites
S phase specific

Front 28

What anticancer drugs are not cell-cycle specific?

Back 28

*Alkylating agents*
Nechlorethamide (nitrogen mustard)
Cyclophosphamide (CPA, Cytoxan)
Nitroureas: carmustine, lomustine

Front 29

What cancers may be treated by hormonal therapy? Give at least 4 examples.

Back 29

Prednisone (Deltasone)-lymphomas
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)—breast cancer
Estrogens- prostatic cancer
Leuprolide (Lupron)—prostatic cancer
Leukemia as well

Front 30

What is immunosuppressive therapy used for?

Back 30

To alter lymphocyte function. Also used in *autoimmune diseases. Organ transplant to prevent rejection*

Front 31

What are the examples of NSAIDs? How are they different from Tylenol?

Back 31

- Aspirin (acetosalicylic acid or ASA, ecotrin, aspergum)
- Priopionic acid derivatives, such as ibuprofen (advil, motrin, nuprin), naproxen (aleve, anaprox, naprosyn)
- Acetic acid derivatives, such as indomethacin (indocin)

*Tylenol has little or no anti-inflammatory activity* and does not affect platelet function (aspirin does) or cause physical dependence (narcotics do).

Front 32

What therapeutic actions do aspirin and other NSAIDs have?

Back 32

Anti-inflammation, pain relief (analgesia), and antipyrexia (fever reduction). Not antibiotic

Front 33

What are the indications and contraindications of aspirin?

Back 33

Indications: Inflammation, pain, fever, heart attack, stroke
Contraindications: Acute and chronic gout, gastric bleeding, hypersensitivity allergic, teenagers and kids

Front 34

What are the adverse effects from overdose of Tylenol?

Back 34

Hepatic necrosis and renal tubular necrosis

Front 35

What antirheumatic agent is actually an antimalarial drug?

Back 35

Chloroquine (Aralen) and hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)

Front 36

How is the treatment of acute gout different from the treatment of chronic gout?

Back 36

*Acute gout*: inhibit the synthesis and release of chemical mediators for inflammation, reduce pain and inflammation, *anti-inflammatory*
*Chronic gout: reduce the production of uric acid*, block the renal tubular reabsorption of uric acid, *thus increasing its excretion*

Front 37

What is the definition of autacoids?

Back 37

A hereogenous group of compounds, such as prostaglandins, histamine, and serotonin, which all have the common feature of *being formed by the tissue on which they act*, although they have widely differing structures and pharmacologic activities

Front 38

How does an H1-receptor blocker differ from H2-receptor blocker?

Back 38

H1 receptor blocker: known as classic antihistamines, therapeutically used for allergies, motion sickness, nausea, vomiting and *insomnia, allergies, inflammation*
H2 receptor blocker: antagonize the action of histamine at parietal cells of the stomach, therapeutically used for *peptic ulcer disease, ST acid stuff*

Front 39

What is the difference between propranolol and sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine attacks?

Back 39

*Propranolol is a beta blocker* that is effective in reducing the frequency and severity of migraine attacks and is used prophylactically for *prevention*
*Sumatriptan is a triptan and serotonin agonist* that rapidly and effectively aborts or markedly *reduces the severity of migraine* headaches