Biomedical Materials

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XPS

Back 1

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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You send x-rays at a surface, this causes it to emit electrons and you measure their binding energy.

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SIMS

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Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

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Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

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Send a primary ion beam at a surface, see what secondary ions (and their mass/charge ratio) are emitted to determine the composition. Works to a depth of 1 to 2nm

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AFM

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Atomic Force Microscope

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Atomic Force Microscope

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You use a microscope and it taps stuff and takes images cantilever

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Ductility

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being able to stand large permanent changes without breaking

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Yield Strength

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Noticeable plastic strain occurs

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Toughness

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the ability of a material to plasticly deform without fracturing

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UTS

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Ultimate Tensile Strength/Hardness

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DBTT

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Ductile/Brittle Transition Temperature

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T > DBTT

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Good Ductility

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T < DBTT

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Bad Ductility. Will shatter instead of deforming

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BCC

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Body Centered Cubic. DBTT is important. will be brittle at low temperatures

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FCC

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Face Centered Cubic. Will generally remain ductile at low temperatures

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Contact Angle Methods

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For characterizing surface. something to do with hydrophobicity

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Polymer

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repeating structural units

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Block Copolymer

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AAAABBBBAAAABBBBAAAABBBB

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Number Average Molecular Weight/Weight Average Molecular Weight

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two ways of measuring the molecular weight of a polymer. one is a weighted average.

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Polydisperity Index

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Weight Average Molecular Weight/Number Average Molecular Weight

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GPC

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Gel Permeation Chromatography

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Gel Permeation Chromatography

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Size Exclusion chromotography based on hydrodynamic volume

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Glass Transition Temperature

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The temperature above which polymers change from a hard glass state to a molten rubber state

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Melting Temperature

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The temperature above which crytalline polymers change from ordered solids to disordered liquids

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DSC

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Differential Scanning Calorimetry

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Differential Scanning Calorimetry

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You heat something and measure how much it deforms

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XRD

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X-Ray Diffraction

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Xc (Degree of Crystallinity) =

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(deltaHmelting - deltaHcrystalization) / deltaHmeltingO

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Factors Affecting Tg

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Stiffening Groups, Intermolecular Forces, Rigid/Flexible Pendant Groups

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Effect of Stiffening Groups on Tg

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Raise It

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Effect of Higher Intermolecular Forces on Tg

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Raise it

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Effect of Rigid Pendant Groups on Tg

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Raise it

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Effect of Flexible Pendant Groups on Tg

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Lower it

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Isotactic Polymer

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All substituents on the same size

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Syndiotactic Polymer

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Substituents on opposite sides

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Atactic

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no pattern of which side substiuents are on

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Condensation Polymerization

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when the molecules join together and a small molecule (such as water) is lost

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Addition Polymerization

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no molecules are lost when two monomers join together

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Ring Opening Polymeriztion

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When a ring opens when the monomers join. usually takes an initiator

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ATRP

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

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PDI = 1

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Living Polymerization. linear increase in molecular weight as monomer conversion % increases

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PDI > 1.5

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Free Radical Polymerization. Rapid Increase in molecular weight compared to monomer conversion %

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PDI > 2

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Condensation/Addition Polymerization. Slow increase in molecular weight compared to monomer conversion %

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Synthesis of Hydrogel

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Free radical polymerization reactions and cross-linking reactions

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Rheometer

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Used to measure modulus in hydrogels

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Collagen

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Most abundant protein in mammals. forms alpha chains and then triple stranded helical rods. 1000 amino acids, 300nm long

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glycine

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primary amino acid in collagen

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collagen I

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found in skin tendon BONE etc

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collagen II

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found in cartiliage

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collagen III

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found inreticulate

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collagen IV

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cell basement membrane

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collagen V

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cell surfaces, hair, placenta

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hierarchical structure of collagen

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alpha chains combine to form collagen molecules (triple helices) which combine to form fibrils which combine to form fibers

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silk

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biomaterial that has high tensile strength. made by antiparallel beta pleated sheets

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alpha glucose

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cis arrangement of OH and CH2OH (same side)

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beta glucose

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trans arrangement of OH and CH2OH (opposite side)

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cellulose

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beta(1,4) linked glucose

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Alginate

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from algae, polysacharide. have blocks of either MMMM or GGGG

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chitosan

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polysaccharide. Has an N in it. monomer is one ring

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hyaluronic acid

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polysaccharide. Has an N in it. monomer has two rings

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heparin

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polysachharide

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dextran

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polysacharide. used in antithrombotic therapy due to its anticoagulation effects.

eye drops

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biomedical applications of alginate

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ion exchange. bacteria is killed by silver ions. alginate can be used as a tissue culture scaffold

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sulfo-NHS

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water soluble analog of NHS

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why are metals good for implants

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high strength and fracture resistance

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casting

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pouring molten metal into a model

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forging

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using compressive forces

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why forging strengthens

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it eliminates cracks and empty space

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power metallurgy

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metal powders are compacted and then sintered

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machining

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when you take metal away

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how would you make a metal that would be highly stress and whose failure will be life threatening

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forging

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Cold/work hardening

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increases hardness/strength at the cost of ductility

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Low Cycle Fatigue

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<10^4 at high strains

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High Cycle Fatigue

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>10^6 at low strains

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how to resist corrosion

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protective oxides like Alumina or Chromia (Al2O3/Cr2O3)

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Ceramics

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high hardness/low toughness

brittle

covalent bonds

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mechanical functions of bone

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protection, shape, movement, sound transduction

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snythetic functions of bone

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blood production

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metabolic functions of bone

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storage of minerals, growth factors, and fat.

acid-base balance

detoxification

endocrine organ

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teeth

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natural ceramics.

enamel, dentin, cementum

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hydroxapite

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bone mineral.

you can synthesize it

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Alumina

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High density aluminum oxide.

bioceramic

high strength

good biocompatability

used for hip replacements and dental implants

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difference between plasma and serm

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plasma has fibronectin

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circular dichroism

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difference in absorption of RH or LH polarized light

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PEG

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polyethylene glycol

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PEG layer

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can be used to prevent protein adsorption